基于GIS的凤嘴江水污染控制规划数据库研究

地理信息系统（GIS）是20世纪60年代兴起的新技术，将它应用于水污染控制规划（WPCP）是一个新的研究领域，其中数据库是整个系统的基础和信息源，也是系统发展的瓶颈技术之一，有必要进行深入和全面的研究，由于水污染控制规划系统本身的复杂性，决定了其所涉及的数据比一般的管理信息系统得杂得多，本研究以GeoMediaProfessional3.0为基础平台，对系统数据库建库过程中涉及的数据特点，数据结果与数据模型，数据组织与管理，数据库功能分析等问题进行了研究，开发了GIS技术的凤嘴江水污染控制规划数据库，较好地满足了GIS应用的要求，为相关数据库的建设提供了经验。     

地理信息系统（GIS）在景观生态研究中的作用

论述了地理信息系统在景观生态学研究中的作用，这些作用包括如下６个方面：为有效地贮存和管理大范围的生态学数据提供数据库存结构，支持多尺度之间的数值的合并和分离，实现研究地点和环境敏感的空间定位，支持空间统计分析，支持遥感分析；提出生态系统模型的数值或参数的输入和输出。     

Comments on selecting a geographic information system for environmental management

Many organizations in environmental fields stand to benefit from the use of a geographic information system (GIS). Selecting a GIS to implement within an organization can be a difficult task that is often required of people with little experience using a GIS. A framework for evaluating competing GIS considers cost, functionality, ease of use, future stability, development potential, support availability, and maintenance costs. Initial cost involves more than the actual purchase price of hardware and software; it includes the cost of building the data base and training users within the organization. Functionality refers to the depth and breadth of capabilities of a GIS. Issues involved in evaluating functionality include the appropriateness of raster vs vector processing and the ability to add your own software. Ease of use is important, but there is generally a trade-off with functionality. The degree of centralization of use of the GIS within the organization affects requirements for ease of use. GIS are rapidly evolving, and as a result it is important to select a system with high potential for future development. With the proliferation of companies offering GIS it is important to select one that is likely to survive and prosper. Similarly, the ability to find support in the forms of technical help, advice, and possibly even skilled employees can be significant.     

Site search and multicriteria evaluation

Geographic information systems (GIS) are potentially powerful collections of tools which planners can use in the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. One traditional area of interest in this context is site search. Here, the functionality of GIS is, however, limited to certain deterministic analyses which serve merely as a computerised automation of the manual sieve mapping approach. The integration of multicriteria evaluation (MCE) techniques with GIS, is forwarded as a means of providing the user with the means to evaluate sites identified by sieve mapping techniques on the basis of multiple and conflicting criteria and objectives. An example application based on the search for suitable radioactive waste disposal sites in Britain using the Arc/Info GIS is included. The potential use of a combined GIS/MCE approach in the development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) is considered.     

A new policy‐related measure of population dispersal and sparsity using GIS

Policy indicators applied at a national scale can have considerable financial impact for resource allocations to individual counties, especially if there are extreme local factors. This article develops arid explores a new measure of population dispersal and sparsity and discusses the impact of this indicator in a variety of locations, by using GIS techniques.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NILE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL FORECAST SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is developing a river forecast system for the Nile River in Egypt. The river forecast system operates on scientific work stations using hydrometeorological models and software to predict inflows into the high Aswan Dam and forecast flow hydrographs at selected gaging locations above the dam The Nile Forecasting System (NFS) utilizes satellite imagery from the METEOSAT satellite as the input to the forecast system. Satellite imagery is used to estimate precipitation over the Blue Nile Basin using five different techniques. Observed precipitation data and climatic statistics are used to improve precipitation estimation. Precipitation data for grid locations are input to a distributed water balance model, a hill slope routing model, and a channel routing model. A customized Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to show political boundaries, rivers, terrain elevation, and gaging network. The GIS was used to develop hydrologic parameters for the basin and is used for multiple display features.     

An erosion-based land classification system for military installations

The universal soil loss equation (USLE) has been integrated with a geographic information system known as the geographical resources analysis support system (GRASS) to create a land classification system for use by military trainers and land managers to minimize the environmental impacts of military training activities. The USLE provides an estimate of current average annual sheet and rill erosion based upon factors representing climate, soil erodibility, topography, cover, and conservation support practices. The erosion estimate is compared to erosion tolerance values to produce an expression of the current erosion status. An index of inherent site erodibility is also achieved through manipulation of the USLE. Based on published soil surveys, satellite imagery, and ground-truth vegetation transects, data layers are created within GRASS for each of the component factors of the USLE. Appropriate mathematical operations are performed with the data layers, and color-coded maps are produced that represent the erosion status and erodibility index for each 50-m × 50-m area of soil surface. These maps aid military trainers and land managers in scheduling appropriate kinds and intensities of military training activities.     

GIS和环境管理信息系统建设

结合地理信息系统的环境管理信息系统结构和功能形式，以贵阳市的大气环境管理信息系统建设为例，具体阐述了GIS基本功能应用，分析认为，深入结合地理信息系统与环境模型，才能促进环境管理信息系统向“决策支持”型和“专家”型方向发展，同时，环境信息的收集方式、共享程度和二次开发深度也将受到深刻的影响。     

Site specificity in advertisement calls and responses to playbacks of local and foreign call variants in satin bowerbirds, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ptilonorhynchus violaceus</Emphasis>

Avian vocalisations often show patterns of geographic variation. Previous work on the satin bowerbird has shown that although spatial variation in this species’ advertisement calls is strongly associated with habitat structure, some variation is apparent within habitat types. Seventeen populations located throughout the species’ distribution were used to examine whether spatial call variation could be influenced by other processes such as random drift or the presence of fine-scale vocal traditions; if this were the case, differing call variants would be expected at geographically discrete sampling sites both within and among habitat types. There were population-specific call variants at each of the sites sampled, with different variants apparent even within habitat types. At most sites, individuals gave only a single variant of advertisement call, and the call variant at one site, sampled after a 5-year interval, appears to have been relatively stable. Playback experiments were conducted at three populations to examine whether local call variants invoked a greater response than several non-local variants differing in their degree of similarity to the local variant. Birds responded strongly to local call variants but not to either of two foreign variants, one of which was similar to their local variant and one of which was very different. A pattern of geographic variation across populations, the fact that local and non-local variants evoke different responses and circumstantial evidence indicating that individuals can learn new calls all suggest that factors affecting song learning and the ability of males to establish and defend a bower site may have contributed to the establishment of geographically variable vocal cultures in this species.     

The impact of coastal flooding on conservation areas: A study of the Clyde Estuary, Scotland

This study examines the impact of flooding on land of high conservation value located along part of the southern shoreline of the River Clyde Estuary in western Scotland. This paper hypothesizes that, over the next 50 years, the frequency and extent of coastal flooding will increase due to the gradual effect of global warming and the consequent rise in sea-level and increase in storminess. It is argued that because of the great cost of constructing new flood defence systems it will not be possible to protect all land areas to an equal extent from flooding. A means of ranking different land use will be necessary so that society can make a rational judgement concerning which sections of coastline will be worth protecting. This study provides a methodology that combines an objective ranking of conservation areas using non-economic indicators with a GIS model of flood potential, and permits accurate forecasts of flood losses to conservation areas of different ecological value. The conservation case study used in this paper proposes the use of an ecological weighting value based on five ecological variables each of 10 categories. Tables and maps identify the sites that have been highlighted as consisting of the most ‘valuable’ conservation sites. The methodology makes extensive use of geographical information systems (GIS) to model the predicted areas of flooding and to calculate conservation weighting values of the land areas.