Relative importance of multiple plumage ornaments as status signals in golden whistlers (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pachycephala pectoralis</Emphasis>)

Status signals are traits that advertise an individual’s competitive abilities to conspecifics during aggressive disputes. Most studies of status signals in birds have focussed on melanin-based plumage signals, but recent research shows that carotenoid-based signals may also play a role in aggressive signaling. We assessed the relative importance of melanin- and carotenoid-based plumage patches as agonistic signals in a small passerine, the golden whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis). Display signals in male golden whistlers include an unpigmented white throat patch, a carotenoid-based yellow breast and nape band, and a melanin-based black chin-stripe. We found that only the white throat patch was correlated with contest-related attributes. Males possessing large throat patches defended larger territories and commenced breeding earlier. When caged males with either experimentally reduced, or unmanipulated throat patches were presented to conspecifics, those with experimentally reduced patches attracted less aggression from male subjects. Focal males also responded faster to caged males with throat patches similar in size to their own, suggesting that they may assess relative throat patch size before engaging in aggressive encounters. Females did not discriminate between “reduced” or “control” treatments. Our data strongly suggest that only the unpigmented throat patch functions as a status signal. As this signal is unlikely to have significant development costs, honesty may be maintained through social costs.     

Differences in reproductive success between laboratory and wild-derived golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as a consequence of inbreeding

All laboratory golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) originated from a sibling pairing back in 1930. Due to this extreme founder event, domestic golden hamsters are presumed to be one of the most bottlenecked animal populations. Nevertheless, domestic hamsters show no obvious signs of inbreeding depression in commonly used breeding stocks. To explore the existence of potentially masked inbreeding effects, we compared the reproductive success of laboratory (lab) and wild-derived (wild) golden hamsters. We allowed oestrus females to mate consecutively with lab and wild males. The resulting offspring was genotyped using microsatellites to assess paternity. Finally, we compared male reproductive success to genetic variability, sexual behaviour and different sperm characteristics. Both hamster strains exhibited the expected large difference in genetic diversity (H _wild =0.712±0.062 vs H _lab =0.007±0.007. The reproductive success of wild males dramatically exceeded that of lab males (87% of pups were sired by wild males). Sexual behaviour of wild and lab males only varied in the number of long intromissions (intromissions without ejaculation at the end of the mating). No significant differences were observed in relation to mounting, ejaculation and intromission. There were also no apparent differences in sperm motility, velocity and density or testis histology between wild and lab hamsters. We conclude that the reduced reproductive success of lab males represents a hidden inbreeding effect, although its precise physiological cause remains unclear. These results provide first evidence for a major fitness disadvantage in captive golden hamsters.     

不同光照强度下香溪河浮游植物演替过程研究

为丰富三峡水库浮游植物演替机制,为三峡水库“潮汐式”调度提供理论依据和基础数据,基于前期香溪河水华易发区现场监测结果,其水下光照强度变化范围为1 800~17 000 lx,据此开展不同梯度恒定光照条件下香溪河源水混合浮游植物群落演替过程的室内控制试验.结果表明:①按照R*法则和关键光强假说,在其他环境条件适宜的情况下,光照为4 500 lx时,香溪河源水中混合浮游植物的生物量和多样性最高.②CSR理论（Competitor-Stress Tolerator-Ruderals Theory）中的浮游植物环境适应机制及生长策略不能准确解释不同梯度恒定光照控制条件下浮游植物的演替规律.光照条件是影响浮游植物群落演替方向的关键要素,而演替方向由群落发生演替时的光照条件与该群落中藻种关键光强的匹配程度决定.③香溪河源水中混合藻种的不同梯度恒定光照控制试验结果显示,小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）、栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、肾形藻（Nephrocytium sp.）、微囊藻（Microcystis sp.）、色球藻（Chroococcus sp.）、隐藻（Cryptomonas sp.）和小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）的最适光强分别为3 000、8 000、13 000、6 000、6 000、13 000、13 000和6 000 lx.研究显示,将光照控制在合适的阈值范围,有助于维持浮游植物的多样性,对水华防治具有重要意义.      

湘江沉积物重金属生态风险及释放通量研究

以湘江石峰大桥至马家河大桥区段的湘江沉积物作为研究对象,通过采集该区段表层沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）和原子吸收分光光度计测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Mn、As和Hg的含量和赋存形态.结果表明,Cd和As的平均含量均超过土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）三级标准限值,Mn平均含量超过我国土壤元素背景值（583mg/kg）.采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价沉积物中重金属生态风险,表明5个采样点中有4个采样点潜在生态危害综合指数均超过600,属于很强生态危害程度.最后通过连续实验研究了不同流速、不同pH值对沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd以及Mn释放规律的影响,结果表明,增大水流速度、降低上覆水体pH值均可促进沉积物中重金属的释放,实验还发现4种重金属的释放通量都比较小,其中释放通量最大的Mn为7.50 μg/（g·d）,沉积物中重金属向水环境的释放是一个缓慢、长期的过程.     

重型车辆柴油机起动工况燃油喷射实验研究

目的研究重型车辆柴油机机械泵起动工况的喷油规律。方法基于Bosch长管法搭建某重型车辆柴油机机械泵起动过程燃油喷射规律测试台架,分析起动过程中,不同转速工况条件下,喷油泵端压力、喷油速率和喷油持续期的变化规律,结果随着起动过程喷油泵转速的升高,泵端压力的峰值增大36.18%,峰值相位前移-13.9°(CA),喷油速率加快。喷油泵转速稳定后,泵端压力曲线和喷油速率曲线形状也随之稳定,喷油速率的变化规律与泵端压力的变化规律保持一致。起动过程中,喷油持续期随平均转速的上升逐渐延长,循环喷油量趋于稳定。结论在起动工况低转速条件下,机械喷油泵的循环泵端压力峰值较小、相位靠后,循环喷油速率低且相位靠后,喷油持续期较短,同时循环喷油量较小,起动性能较差。随着喷油泵转速的上升,循环泵端压力、循环喷油速率、喷油持续期和循环供油量趋于稳定,柴油机达到更容易起动的状态。     

垃圾填埋场防渗浆材对污染物的阻滞规律

基于自行研制的膨润土-水泥-粉煤灰(BCF)浆材和柔壁渗透仪,采用人工配制的重金属离子溶液和有机溶液,以及取自垃圾填埋场的渗沥液对不同高度浆材结石体进行了渗滤试验,试验证明:由于渗滤沉积作用和吸附滞留作用,浆材结石体对Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cd等重金属污染物的95%,苯酚、苯胺、萘和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等有机污染物的96%,以及NH4+-N、TN、TP、COD、BOD5等垃圾渗沥液中污染物的60%阻滞在开始渗滤的30 mm范围内,而且随着试样高度增加,对各种污染物的阻滞率基本呈现增大的趋势,并有一定的规律可循。     

石家庄市二氧化硫污染物浓度分布规律研究

对石家庄市2002年全年二氧化硫污染浓度变化进行了实测。通过对研究区域内不同类型排放源进行计算,建立了较为全面和详细的二氧化硫污染源排放清单。通过分析石家庄市2002年大气二氧化硫污染物浓度数据,揭示了其时空分布特征及成因。     

装甲车辆内部温湿度数据采集和动态变化规律初探

设计了一种适用于装甲车辆内部狭窄空间测试的分布式温湿度集成采集系统,通过对某型装甲车辆在湿热区和寒区的实车测试,重点分析了不同舱室的温湿度随时间的动态变化规律,利用相关系数法对平台温度与外界条件的关系进行了初步研究,为下一步建模奠定了良好的基础。     

抚顺市非甲烷烃的时空分布规律

本文采用分别测定以氮气和空气为底气的同一浓度的甲烷标准气体的响应值,两者之差值即为空气中氧对总烃测定的空白值,代替传统的用除烃净化空气装置制备净化空气测定空白值的方法,并将该法应用于抚顺市非甲烷烃的含量测定,取得较理想结果。同时研究了抚顺市非甲烷烃的时空分布规律。     

第二松花江水中甲基汞的时空变化规律

为研究第二松花江水中甲基汞的时空变化规律,分别在平水期和丰水期沿二松流域进行了采样分析,得出其空间变化规律：红石、十号线和泔水缸3个断面甲基汞含量较高,在这3个断面两侧甲基汞含量均下降.季节性变化规律：除涝州和四方台断面外,其他各采样断面丰水期甲基汞含量均低于平水期.通过对比分析1981年、 1983年和本研究结果,得出了年际性变化规律：1981年甲基汞含量随与排污口距离的增加而降低;1983年污染源已切断1 a,水中甲基汞含量骤降,达到天然背景值水平,但肇源至四方台江段甲基汞含量均在0.35 ng·L^-1以上;2006年各相应断面甲基汞含量高于1983年,低于1981年.此外,本研究给出了二松水中甲基汞的污染程度.