广东南部电白小良试验站4种森林群落结构的对比研究

通过对小良试验站不同类型、不同林龄的３种人工林群落（群落Ｂ：桉林;群落Ｃ：松桉混交林;群落Ｄ：阔叶混交林）与当地自然次生热带季雨林（乡土林）相比较,从群落结构的角度探讨人工恢复热带森林的可行性．结果表明：从桉林到松桉混交林到阔叶混交林,３种人工林群落的组成结构和空间结构向着复杂性和稳定性方向发展,并逐渐向地带性自然次生林方向演替;群落的相似性研究也表明,阔叶混交林是３种人工林中与乡土林最为相似．因此,对于极度退化的热带丘陵台地区,在一定工程和生物措施基础上,用先锋绿化树种造林成功后,及时用多层多种的阔叶混交林改造原有先锋林,可以加速人工林向地带性植被类型演替．     

海南西沙试验站大气霉菌群落初步调查

目的 筛选西沙试验站大气环境优势菌种,进行西沙试验站装备敏感菌研究。方法 采用撞击法进行大气霉菌采样,用统计学法计算出不同试验场地真菌数量,结合形态学法与ITS1-5.8S-TIS2或26SrDNA D1/D2区序列分析法鉴定菌种,并用SPSS初步探讨大气真菌与环境因素的关系,分析西沙试验站装备敏感菌。结果 西沙试验站优势种为Aspergillus aculeatus、Penicillium citrinum、Pithomyces sacchar、变红镰孢霉Fusarium incarnatum、Cladosporium oxysporum和Cladosporium oryzae,影响西沙试验站大气霉菌群落结构的重要环境因素是相对湿度和风速,贮存在西沙试验站的装备容易长霉,多种材料有不同的敏感菌,尤其是涂层样件和橡胶类材料。结论 西沙试验站大气环境中存在种类繁多的霉菌。     

贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站——“中国生态系统研究网络”站之一

贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站代表青藏高原东缘面积达60万平方公里的高山深谷山地生态系统类型。贡嘎山东坡从河谷到山顶可明显地分出六个山地自然垂直带,每一个带内又可分出若干亚带。自然生态系统类型多样,保存完好,海拔2000米以上基本处于未开发的原始状态,具有自然生态系统原生性强的显著特点,是开展山地生态系统观测试验的理想场地。     

Concentration level of heavy metals in the Great Wall Bay, Antarctica in austral summer

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长春地震台数字地震仪近震速报震级偏差研究

本次研究选用了长春地震台2000年至2004年近震速报资料,重新测算了数字地震仪近震震级,并以《吉林省地震目录》给出的震级为标准震级,进行了震级偏差统计分析。研究结果表明,随着震中距的变化长春地震台震级偏差变化较大,为使校正值精度提高,我们分段给出了长春台数字化地震仪水平向记录近震震级台站校正值。     

关于天津台网地震速报的几点思考

本文从地震速报工作的重要性入手，论述了提高地震速报质量的基础和关键，同时讨论了天津台网地震速报中存在影响速报质量的问题及改进措施。     

长春地震台数字地震仪近震速报震级偏差研究

本次研究选用了长春地震台2000年至2004年近震速报资料，重新测算了数字地震仪近震震级，并以《吉林省地震目录》给出的震级为标准震级，进行了震级偏差统计分析。研究结果表明，随着震中距的变化长春地震台震级偏差变化较大，为使校正值精度提高，我们分段给出了长春台数字化地震仪水平向记录近震震级台站校正值。     

漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力时空变化

漫湾水电站是澜沧江水能梯级开发的第一个干流大型水电站，加强库区水土流失治理与监督监测尤为必要，而降雨侵蚀力的时空分布规律研究则是实现区域土壤侵蚀定量监测预报的重要基础。根据有关降雨侵蚀力的计算方法，利用漫湾电站库区4个测站1980～2000年的逐月平均降雨资料，估算了其降雨侵蚀力R值的时空分布规律及其变化特征。结果表明：漫湾电站库区多年平均降雨侵蚀力在1 9336～3 9727 MJ·mm/hm2·h；R值的年内变化显著，且较大值集中分布在雨季的5月～10月，平均R值占全年的867%，尤其6～8月连续3个月的降雨侵蚀力平均占全年侵蚀力的一半以上；R值的年际变化显示20世纪90年代漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力比80年代平均增加2835 MJ·mm/hm2·h；R值的空间分布上以凤庆站点的年降雨侵蚀力最大；南涧站点的年降雨侵蚀力最小，但是其年际波动幅度较大。全面地分析了漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力R值的时空变化特征，为该地区有效防止与监测水土流失情况、更好地安置水电站工程移民提供参考。     

Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models1

Robertson, Dale M. and David A. Saad, 2011. Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1011‐1033. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00574.x Abstract: Nutrient input to the Laurentian Great Lakes continues to cause problems with eutrophication. To reduce the extent and severity of these problems, target nutrient loads were established and Total Maximum Daily Loads are being developed for many tributaries. Without detailed loading information it is difficult to determine if the targets are being met and how to prioritize rehabilitation efforts. To help address these issues, SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were developed for estimating loads and sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from the United States (U.S.) portion of the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi, Ohio, and Red River Basins. Results indicated that recent U.S. loadings to Lakes Michigan and Ontario are similar to those in the 1980s, whereas loadings to Lakes Superior, Huron, and Erie decreased. Highest loads were from tributaries with the largest watersheds, whereas highest yields were from areas with intense agriculture and large point sources of nutrients. Tributaries were ranked based on their relative loads and yields to each lake. Input from agricultural areas was a significant source of nutrients, contributing ～33‐44% of the P and ～33‐58% of the N, except for areas around Superior with little agriculture. Point sources were also significant, contributing ～14‐44% of the P and 13‐34% of the N. Watersheds around Lake Erie contributed nutrients at the highest rate (similar to intensively farmed areas in the Midwest) because they have the largest nutrient inputs and highest delivery ratio.     

Factors influencing incidental representation of previously unknown conservation features in marine protected areas

Spatially explicit information on species distributions for conservation planning is invariably incomplete; therefore, the use of surrogates is required to represent broad‐scale patterns of biodiversity. Despite significant interest in the effectiveness of surrogates for predicting spatial distributions of biodiversity, few researchers have explored questions involving the ability of surrogates to incidentally represent unknown features of conservation interest. We used the Great Barrier Reef marine reserve network to examine factors affecting incidental representation of conservation features that were unknown at the time the reserve network was established. We used spatially explicit information on the distribution of 39 seabed habitats and biological assemblages and the conservation planning software Marxan to examine how incidental representation was affected by the spatial characteristics of the features; the conservation objectives (the minimum proportion of each feature included in no‐take areas); the spatial configuration of no‐take areas; and the opportunity cost of conservation. Cost was closely and inversely correlated to incidental representation. However, incidental representation was achieved, even in a region with only coarse‐scale environmental data, by adopting a precautionary approach that explicitly considered the potential for unknown features. Our results indicate that incidental representation is enhanced by partitioning selection units along biophysical gradients to account for unknown within‐feature variability and ensuring that no‐take areas are well distributed throughout the region; by setting high conservation objectives that (in this case >33%) maximize the chances of capturing unknown features incidentally; and by carefully considering the designation of cost to planning units when using decision‐support tools for reserve design. The lessons learned from incidental representation in the Great Barrier Reef have implications for conservation planning in other regions, particularly those that lack detailed environmental and ecological data.