粤港澳大湾区生态环境监测发展现状与展望

"十四五"期间,粤港澳大湾区将会迎来新一轮大开发、大建设、大发展,绿色发展与山水林田湖草一体化保护将面临更大的机遇与挑战。生态环境监测作为生态环境保护的重要基础,亟需强化支撑、引领、服务作用。文章对粤港澳大湾区生态环境监测发展现状进行了梳理,从环境质量状况、生态环境管理、环境监测网络等方面将粤港澳大湾区与东京、纽约、旧金山三大世界级湾区进行系统比较,对标查找差距与不足,并对面临的机遇与挑战进行了深入剖析。在此基础上,针对生态环境监测区域布局、现代感知网络、智慧应用与"美丽湾区"综合评价、联合监测与信息发布、产学研用一体化等方面,提出了粤港澳大湾区当前及今后一个时期生态环境监测发展的相关建议。     

区域大气污染的城市网络关联分析--基于粤港澳大湾区的研究

选取2013—2016年粤港澳大湾区11市大气主要污染物数据,采用社会网络分析法(SNA)对粤港澳大湾区大气污染的空间关联性进行实证研究。结果发现:①大湾区城际大气主要污染物的空间关联均呈现出较典型的网络结构特征。②城际大气污染存在明显的空间关联和空间溢出,各城市空间联系越来越密切。③大湾区大气污染空间网络具有稳定性特征,PM2.5和SO2的空间溢出得到有效控制,而PM10和NO2的空间溢出具有长期稳定性。④珠海、佛山、惠州、中山在大湾区城际大气污染空间关联网络中处于中心地位。⑤各城市在大气污染空间网络中存在明显的非均衡地位。     

Ecosystem management: A comparison of greater yellowstone and georges bank

Ecosystem management links human activities with the functioning of natural environments over large spatial and temporal scales. Our examination of Greater Yellowstone and Georges Bank shows similarities exist between human uses, administrative characteristics, and some biophysical features. Each region faces growing pressures to replace traditional extractive uses with more sustainable extractive or noncommodity uses coupled with concern about endangered species. Ecosystem management as a set of practical guidelines for making decisions under evolving expectations is far from complete, and it embodies new demands on individuals and institutions. In each system these challenges are considered relative to: the public's symbolic understanding of the management challenge, ecosystem management ambiguities, information availability, information use, administrative setting, and learning capabilities of governance organizations Progress in making ecosystem management operational may occur as refinements in content and approach make it an increasingly attractive option for resource users, the public, and government officials.     

粤港澳大湾区大气中硝基多环芳烃污染特征与风险评估

为探究粤港澳大湾区硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)污染特征与来源,利用大气主动采样技术采集44个环境空气样品,并使用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱测定NPAHs浓度.结果表明,同时使用滤膜、PUF和XAD-2树脂,可以更高效采集到气态和颗粒态的NPAHs,准确表征环境空气中NPAHs的污染状况.粤港澳大湾区环境空气中ρ(∑18...     

High level of nickel tolerance and metal exclusion identified in silver maple (Acer saccharinum)

Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are the most prevalent metals found in the Greater Sudbury Region ecosystems. The main objectives of this study are to (1) assess silver maple (Acer saccharinum) tolerance to different doses of Ni and (2) determine the translocation pattern of metals in A. sacharinum. This study revealed that A. sacharinum is highly tolerant to high doses of NI (1600 and 9200?mg/kg). Growth chamber screening trials revealed that Ni is stored in roots and does not translocate to other plant parts. Analysis of samples from A. sacharinum growing for >30 years in soil contaminated with metals also showed that the levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Ni, and zinc (Zn) were significantly higher in roots compared with soils and aerial parts. On the other hand, the amount of Cu was higher in soil compared with roots and other plant parts. In fact, the bioaccumulation factors (BFs) were 0.29, 2.00, 3.6, 1.9, and 4.0 for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The translocation from roots to aerial parts showed an insignificant level of movement of Cu, Fe, and Ni. Hence, A. saccharinum is classified as excluder for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, and avoider for Cu.     

Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup

We collected female greater scaup (Aythya marila) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during two breeding seasons to determine if concentrations of 18 trace elements in livers and eggs were elevated and if hepatic concentrations correlated with body condition or affected reproductive status. Fifty-six percent, 5%, and 42% of females, respectively, had elevated hepatic cadmium (Cd: >3 μg g⁻¹ dry weight [dw]), mercury (Hg: >3 μg g⁻¹ dw), and selenium (Se: >10 μg g⁻¹ dw). Somatic protein and lipid reserves were not correlated with hepatic Cd or Hg, but there was a weak negative correlation between protein and Se. Hepatic Cd, Hg, and Se were similar in females that had and had not initiated egg production. In a sample of six eggs, 33% and 100%, respectively, contained Se and Hg, but concentrations were below embryotoxicity thresholds. We conclude that trace element concentrations documented likely were not adversely impacting this study population.     

粤港澳大湾区吸收性气溶胶的解析

为了解粤港澳（Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao,GHM）大湾区气溶胶污染现状,基于OMAERUV日产品数据,对粤港澳大湾区2008~2019年吸收性气溶胶指数（ultraviolet aerosol index,UVAI）的时空分布、未来趋势变化和潜在源区进行了分析,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,GHM大湾区年时间序列上UVAI呈现出下降的趋势,年均下降为2.3%;月时间序列上从春季开始呈现倒"V"形,季节特征春季最高,冬、秋次之,夏季最低;空间上呈现中部区域一直属于高值区,12年年均UVAI高达0.35;UVAI分布在时间序列主要表现为可持续,有82.69%的区域在未来UVAI将呈现下降的趋势;GHM大湾区外部潜在源主要是东部工业产生的碳质源和海洋带来的生物源;UVAI潜在源区春季以碳质源和生物质源为主,夏季以生物质气溶胶源为主,秋季以碳质源占比最大,冬季沙尘性质气溶胶源有所增加;通过相关性分析,气溶胶和PM_2.5之间是相互依附的关系,工业生产活动是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,降水可以降低大气中因工业生成所产生的气溶胶含量,第二产业活动在气温升高的情况下会加快气溶胶的生成.     

粤港澳大湾区植被CUE变化及与气候变化的关系

基于MOD17数据,采用趋势分析和相关分析法,研究了2000~2019年粤港澳大湾区植被生产力和植被碳利用率（CUE）变化及其与气候变化的关系.结果表明,粤港澳大湾区总初级生产力（GPP）和净初级生产力（NPP）均值分别为1.80和0.89kg·C/m²,呈中部低四周高的空间格局,CUE均值为0.51,呈中部和东南部略高于四周的空间格局;GPP和NPP总体呈增加趋势,其年际变化率均值分别为0.01和0.001kg·C/（m²·a）,GPP年增长率远高于NPP年增长率,不同植被类型GPP和NPP也呈增加趋势.植被CUE则呈逐年下降趋势,其年际变化率均值为-0.002a^-1,由于气候因子变化对光合作用速率和呼吸作用速率产生的不同程度影响,从未来发展趋势看,68.22%的区域表明CUE仍呈下降趋势,植被碳固定能力减弱;不同植被类型CUE存在差异,其中农田CUE平均值最高,为（0.511±0.014）,森林和草地CUE分别为（0.500±0.019）和（0.501±0.020）,从变化趋势看,不同植被类型CUE呈极显著下降趋势（P < 0.01）;GPP与气温、累积降雨和累积净太阳辐射量总体呈正相关关系,其所占比例分别为94.52%、53.36%和90.58%,NPP与气温、累积降雨和累积净太阳辐射量总体上也表现为正相关关系,其所占比例分别为86.86%、71.10%和85.97%.然而,CUE与气候因子的关系却有所不同.CUE与气温和累积降雨呈正相关关系,但与累积太阳辐射呈负相关关系,不同植被类型GPP、NPP和CUE与气温、累积降雨量呈正相关关系,GPP和NPP与累计净太阳辐射呈正相关关系,但CUE与累积太阳辐射却呈负相关关系.     

Ranch Ownership Change and New Approaches to Water Resource Management in Southwestern Montana: Implications for Fisheries1

Abstract:  This article reports on a survey of ranch owners in high amenity areas in southwestern Montana that have experienced marked ownership change over the last two decades. Specifically, we focus on findings from a set of questions targeting water resource and riparian area management. After reviewing the results, we consider how new owners may be managing water resources differently than longtime owners and what the ecological implications of this shift in management might be for Montana’s prized wild fisheries. Uses more closely associated with new owners than with longtime owners include water reallocation to instream uses, aquatic and riparian ecosystem restoration, and fish pond construction. These uses have both positive and negative impacts on the region’s fisheries. Our findings suggest that current laws and institutions guiding the management of water resources and the aquatic and riparian ecosystems they support may not be adequate to address emerging conservation opportunities and challenges.     

粤港澳大湾区飞机LTO污染排放因子及排放清单

针对2018~2019航季年粤港澳大湾区机场群,通过实际滑行时间修正和大气混合层高度对爬升/进近时间的修正,获得飞机主发动机排放因子和区内机场加权排放因子,同时考虑飞机辅助动力装置的排放,建立了区内飞机起飞着陆（LTO）污染排放清单.结果表明,区域内各机场污染物排放因子存在较大差异,主要来源于实际运行时间的修正以及各个机场不同的机型占比,其中NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂、PM 5类污染物的加权排放因子区内均值分别为17.58,8.60,0.79,1.37,0.15kg.排放量分别为15327.4,8066.7,728.4,1186.1,121.9t,绝大部分来自飞机主发动机排放.研究期内,NO_x排放量在年内呈现夏秋季高、冬春季低的变化趋势,其他污染物排放量变化较为平缓.所有污染物在各机场排放量的次序较为一致,香港、广州白云分列前两位.各机型中,区内NO_x及SO₂主要来自A320排放,所占比例分别为19.5%、17.1%;CO及HC排放占比最大的机型均为A321,分别为25.4%、27.2%;PM排放量占比最大的机型是B738,约为23.1%.