Exploring potential socio-ecological impacts of changes to the Loliondo Gamed Controlled Area,Northern Tanzania: the case of the pastoral village Ololosokwan

Recent plans to alter the Loliondo Game Controlled Area (GCA), a nature conservation area located in Northern Tanzania, would result in substantial reduction of rangelands in the region. We quantify the current and hypothetical levels of the aboveground Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (aHANPP) in one of the affected villages, and estimate the maximum exploitability rate of rangelands by livestock in the region. We find that the current aHANPP of the village amounts to 34–38% of the potential productivity, which could increase to 59–67% due to the altered GCA. On rangelands, livestock-induced aHANPP would increase from the current level of 30–34% to 54–61%, which is far above a maximum exploitability rate of 40–41%. Our results reveal that the intended changes to the Loliondo GCA will severely affect the current livelihood strategy of the Maasai, which is based on pastoralism.     

粤港澳大湾区土壤污染问题计量及可视化分析

土壤污染问题已经成为粤港澳大湾区迈向国际一流湾区的桎梏,对标纽约、旧金山和东京三大世界一流湾区可以为应对大湾区土壤环境压力提供方向指引.以Web of Science核心数据库中相关文献为研究对象,运用文献共被引分析、关键词共现分析和关键词突现检测的文献计量定量分析方法,对世界三大湾区土壤污染领域的研究现状进行了分析.结果表明,目前世界湾区土壤污染的研究主题主要集中在土壤污染物来源、空间分布、修复处理研究,以及土壤污染的生物可利用度、对海洋生物的不利影响、海洋生物指标在土壤污染评估的作用;土壤污染物研究的热点集中在重金属污染和有机污染上,海洋生物关联研究则对土壤污染的毒性、引发的生物性畸变和生物标志物讨论较多.通过对比国内外湾区土壤污染研究状况,发现我国湾区土壤污染研究相比世界三大湾区起步较晚,且现有国内文献成果的研究区域和主题分布不均衡,特别是在湾区土壤污染的海洋生物关联研究方面热度较低.因此,开展粤港澳大湾区海陆一体化研究、扩展考察领域至土壤污染的相关海洋生物研究,对完善我国粤港澳大湾区土壤污染研究、应对大湾区土壤环境问题至关重要.     

基于地-空观测数据的粤港澳大湾区大气污染调查及时空演变特征

为了构建美好生态和人居环境,对粤港澳大湾区大气污染有准确充分了解,对大湾区大气污染状况开展深入调查.基于2014年6月至2018年12月的地面环境观测数据和2000～2018年卫星遥感反演产品,从不同的时间尺度和不同空间上分析大湾区大气污染的时空分布特征、演变态势和潜在气候效应.结果表明:①从站点观测的PM_(2.5)日均值浓度看,每年在1、 2和10～12月出现良好或者轻、中度污染情形,其余时间为优级;②基于卫星近20 a年平均PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征,呈现出以广州和佛山为中心向外辐射特征.时间演变上大体呈现出Ω形态特征,从2000年开始逐渐增加, 2008年最高,之后逐渐降低;③基于MISR卫星每隔10 a的月平均AOT数据看月度变化特征,第一时间段(2000～2009年)的AOT月均值大于第二时间段(2010～2018年)同月,最大值在3、 4月,最小值在11、 12月.设想沿珠江口岸南北向划一条线,AOT值呈现出西部大于东部的基本空间分布特征;④从站点观测的O_3-8h日均值浓度数据看,大湾区O_3-8h的浓度主体为优级, 2014年出现臭氧浓度为良好级别的城市最多,有5个城市, 2018年最少,有1个城市.臭氧浓度为良好级别最多的月份在9月,其次为6月和11月,再次为5月和7月.近20 a卫星遥感监测的O_3月平均浓度时空分布也呈现出Ω形的先扬后抑特征,最大值在5月,空间上出现南北分界线的特征;⑤月平均气温年际变化与辐射之间存在较好的线性关系,而AOT与辐射之间不能用简单的线性关系描述.     

Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages

Natural and man-made emergencies are regular occurrences in the Greater Horn of Africa region. The underlying impoverishment of whole populations is increasing, making it more difficult to distinguish between humanitarian crises triggered by shocks and those resulting from chronic poverty. Shocks and hazards can no longer be seen as one-off events that trigger a one-time response. In countries that are both poor and exposed to frequent episodes of debilitating drought or chronic conflict, information needs tend to be different from the straightforward early warning/commodity accounting models of information systems that have proven reliable in past emergencies. This paper describes the interdependent components of a humanitarian information system appropriate for this kind of complex environment, noting the analytical links between the components and operational links to programme and policy. By examining a series of case studies from the Greater Horn region, the paper demonstrates that systems lacking one or more of these components will fail to provide adequate information--and thus incur humanitarian costs. While information always comes with a cost, the price of poor information--or none--is higher. And in situations of chronic vulnerability, in which development interventions are likely to be interspersed with both safety nets and emergency interventions on a recurrent basis, investment in improved information is a good investment from both a humanitarian and a financial viewpoint.     

美加跨境大气污染防控合作体制机制对粤港澳大湾区的启示

加强区域大气污染联防联控、加快改善空气质量、早日对标世界先进水平是粤港澳大湾区生态环境建设的重要任务。本文总结了美国和加拿大的跨境大气污染防控合作体制机制建设方面的经验，基于粤港澳大湾区"一国两制三法域"特征下的区域大气污染协同防控需求和不足，从建立区域性权威管理机构和技术支撑机构，联合开展跨界科研、中长期政策制定和实施情况跟踪评估等方面提出深化粤港澳大湾区区域大气污染防控合作体制机制建设，进一步推进区域大气污染协同改善的策略建议，为粤港澳大湾区的大气污染防治提供借鉴。     

Identifying impediments to long‐distance mammal migrations

In much of the world, the persistence of long‐distance migrations by mammals is threatened by development. Even where human population density is relatively low, there are roads, fencing, and energy development that present barriers to animal movement. If we are to conserve species that rely on long‐distance migration, then it is critical that we identify existing migration impediments. To delineate stopover sites associated with anthropogenic development, we applied Brownian bridge movement models to high‐frequency locations of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We then used resource utilization functions to assess the threats to long‐distance migration of pronghorn that were due to fences and highways. Migrating pronghorn avoided dense developments of natural gas fields. Highways with relatively high volumes of traffic and woven‐wire sheep fence acted as complete barriers. At crossings with known migration bottlenecks, use of high?quality forage and shrub habitat by pronghorn as they approached the highway was lower than expected based on availability of those resources. In contrast, pronghorn consistently utilized high?quality forage close to the highway at crossings with no known migration bottlenecks. Our findings demonstrate the importance of minimizing development in migration corridors in the future and of mitigating existing pressure on migratory animals by removing barriers, reducing the development footprint, or installing crossing structures. Identificación de los Impedimentos para las Migraciones de Larga Distancia de Mamíferos     

Integrating spatial support tools into strategic planning—SEA of the GMS North–South Economic Corridor Strategy and Action Plan

The GMS countries, supported by the Asian Development Bank, have adopted a holistic, multidimensional approach to strengthen infrastructural linkages and facilitate cross border trade through (i) the establishment of a trans-boundary road connecting two economic nodes across marginalised areas, followed by 2) facilitation of environmentally and socially sound investments in these newly connected areas as a means to develop livelihoods. The North–South Economic Corridor is currently in its second phase of development, with investment opportunities to be laid out in the NSEC Strategy and Action Plan (SAP). It targets the ecologically and culturally sensitive border area between PR China's Yunnan Province, Northern Lao PDR, and Thailand. A trans-boundary, cross-sectoral Strategic Environmental Assessment was conducted to support the respective governments in assessing potential environmental and social impacts, developing alternatives and mitigation options, and feeding the findings back into the SAP writing process. Given the spatial dimension of corridor development—both with regard to opportunities and risks—particular emphasis was put in the application of spatial modelling tools to help geographically locate and quantify impacts as a means to guide interventions and set priorities.     

20世纪90年代以来粤港澳大湾区臭氧污染研究进展

粤港澳大湾区是我国开放程度最高、经济活力最强的区域之一,在国家发展大局中具有重要战略地位.20世纪90年代以来,粤港澳三地政府在空气质量监测、空气污染治理方面做了大量工作,粤港澳大湾区颗粒物浓度持续下降,但臭氧浓度快速增长,臭氧已成为粤港澳大湾区首要污染物.为深化粤港澳大湾区臭氧污染研究及臭氧污染防控,本文综述了粤港澳大湾区20世纪90年代以来臭氧污染观测研究的主要进展,回顾了臭氧监测网络建立、臭氧浓度水平及其时空变化特征、臭氧生成和污染输送的气象过程、区域臭氧来源解释等方面的研究发现,提出新时期粤港澳大湾区臭氧研究的建议.     

粤港澳大湾区飞机LTO污染排放因子及排放清单

针对2018~2019航季年粤港澳大湾区机场群,通过实际滑行时间修正和大气混合层高度对爬升/进近时间的修正,获得飞机主发动机排放因子和区内机场加权排放因子,同时考虑飞机辅助动力装置的排放,建立了区内飞机起飞着陆（LTO）污染排放清单.结果表明,区域内各机场污染物排放因子存在较大差异,主要来源于实际运行时间的修正以及各个机场不同的机型占比,其中NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂、PM 5类污染物的加权排放因子区内均值分别为17.58,8.60,0.79,1.37,0.15kg.排放量分别为15327.4,8066.7,728.4,1186.1,121.9t,绝大部分来自飞机主发动机排放.研究期内,NO_x排放量在年内呈现夏秋季高、冬春季低的变化趋势,其他污染物排放量变化较为平缓.所有污染物在各机场排放量的次序较为一致,香港、广州白云分列前两位.各机型中,区内NO_x及SO₂主要来自A320排放,所占比例分别为19.5%、17.1%;CO及HC排放占比最大的机型均为A321,分别为25.4%、27.2%;PM排放量占比最大的机型是B738,约为23.1%.     

粤港澳大湾区陆源氮污染来源结构与空间分布

入海河流携带的陆源总氮污染是海域无机氮的主要来源,粤港澳大湾区（GBA）近岸海域无机氮污染严重,劣四类水质分布广泛,厘清粤港澳大湾区陆域总氮排放规模、来源结构和排海压力,对海域氮污染治理有重要意义.基于土地利用、社会经济统计和污染普查资料等多源数据,从行政区单元和流域单元估算粤港澳大湾区及周边城市的总氮排放规模、来源结构及其区域差异.结果表明：①研究区陆域总氮排放量约33.25万t,居民生活是主要污染源,占55.4%,其次为种植业,占28.18%,养殖业和工业生产的污染贡献相对有限.②总氮排放的区域差异明显,粤港澳大湾区11个城市的总氮排放量（23.14万t）显著高于其周边8个城市（10.11万t）.③海域污染分布状况与陆源氮污染排放压力强度具有空间一致性,东江流域、西北江三角洲流域和潭江流域污染排放量最大,其岸段承载的排放压力也最大,对应的伶仃洋、珠海金湾海域和黄茅海污染严重.