On exposure to sunlight or photolysis at λ >300nm, the dechlorination of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254) in the H donor alcohol 2-propanol under neutral conditions is enhanced by the presence of the photosensitizer hydroquinone. Dechlorination is strongly promoted by an increasingly aqueous solvent (1:1 water:alcohol) and by maintaining neutral conditions (pH 7.0 buffer) both in the presence and absence of sensitizer. Atmospheric oxygen (continuous aeration) retards the hydroquinone induced dechlorination less than the direct photolysis process. 相似文献
Objective: The effect of traffic signs on the behavior of drivers is not completely understood. Knowing about how humans process the meaning of signs (not just by learning but instinctively) will improve reaction time and decision making when traveling. The economic, social, and psychological consequences of car accidents are well known.
Methods: This study sounds out which traffic signs are more ergonomic for participants, from a cognitive point of view, and determines, at the same time, their effect in participants' movement trajectories in a driving simulation task.
Results: Results point out that the signs least representative of their meaning produce a greater deviation from the center of the road than the most representative ones.
Conclusions: This study encourages both an in-depth analysis of the effect on movement of roadside signs and the study of how this effect can be modified by the context in which these signs are presented (with the aim to move the research closer to and analyze the data in real contexts). The goal is to achieve clarity of meaning and lack of counterproductive effects on the trajectory of representative signs (those that provoke fewer mistakes in the decision task). 相似文献
As applied to polygynous mammals, the socioecological model assumes that environmental risks and resources determine the
spatial and temporal distribution of females, which then sets male strategies for monopolizing fertile matings. The effects
of female spatial distribution (i.e., female number) and temporal overlap (female mating synchrony) have been examined in
comparative studies of primates, but the relative influence of these two factors on male monopolization potential (the number
of males) remains unclear. One particular problem is that female synchrony is more difficult to estimate than female number.
This paper uses multivariate statistical methods and three independent estimates of female synchrony to assess the roles of
spatial and temporal effects in the context of a phylogenetically corrected dataset. These analyses are based on sensitivity
analyses involving a total of four phylogenies, with two sets of branch length estimates for each tree, and one nonphylogenetic
analysis in which species values are used (because male behavior may represent a facultative response to the distribution
of females). The results show: (1) that breeding seasonality predicts male number (statistically significant in six out of
nine sensitivity tests); (2) that expected female overlap, after controlling for female group size using residuals, also accounts
for the number of males in primate groups (significant in eight out of nine tests), and (3) that actual estimates of female
mating synchrony predict male number, again after correcting for female group size (significant in five out of nine tests).
Nonsignificant results are in the predicted direction, and female group size is significant in all statistical tests. These
analyses therefore demonstrate an independent influence of female temporal overlap on male monopolization strategies in mammalian
social systems.
Received: 24 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 5 February 1999 / Accepted: 7 February 1999 相似文献
Batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques were used to investigate the influence of different volume fractions of organic cosolvents (acetone and methanol) on the adsorption and movement of carbaryl in four different types of Indian soils. L-shaped isotherms were obtained for both the cosolvent–water mixtures at all fs values and were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation. Higher adsorption was observed on F.R.I. soil (FSL) followed by Alampur soil (ASL), Kalai soil (KL), and Bhoran soil (BSL) at all fs values for both the cosolvent systems as was anticipated from the K and KD values. The K and KD values also confirmed that carbaryl adsorption was higher in methanol–water mixture than acetone–water mixture and decreased with increasing fs values. The frontal Rf values obtained from soil TLC studies were inversely proportional to the K and KD values for both the cosolvent systems. The higher K and KD values and lower Rf values in methanol–water mixtures relative to acetone–water mixtures for all the soils indicated that acetone had a greater potential for ground water contamination compared to methanol. The adsorption data were used to evaluate the cosolvent theory for describing adsorption of carbaryl in acetone–water and methanol–water mixtures. The aqueous phase partition coefficients, KDW (mol g?1), normalized with respect to foc for carbaryl was evaluated by extrapolating fs → 0. 相似文献