环境优化对经济发展的作用分析

依据辽宁省环保厅近年来审批的建设项目,分析环保审批如何在优化经济发展中起到的重要作用。分析表明:严格环境准入,提高环境门槛、引导产业优化,实现循环经济和可持续发展并通过禁止、限制、鼓励、引导等方式,优化经济发展,带动经济发展模式的转变,实现资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会发展的重大战略目标。     

Optimal management with potential regime shifts

We analyze how the threat of a potential future regime shift affects optimal management. We use a simple general growth model to analyze four cases that involve combinations of stock collapse versus changes in system dynamics, and exogenous versus endogenous probabilities of regime shift. Prior work in economics has focused on stock collapse with endogenous probabilities and reaches ambiguous conclusions on whether the potential for regime shift will increase or decrease intensity of resource use and level of resource stock. We show that all other cases yield unambiguous results. In particular, with endogenous probability of regime shift that affects system dynamics the potential for regime shift causes optimal management to become precautionary in the sense of maintaining higher resource stock levels.     

Vegetation competition model for water and light limitation. I: Model description, one-dimensional competition and the influence of groundwater

Vegetation growth models often concentrate on the interaction of vegetation with soil moisture but usually omit the influence of groundwater. However the proximity of groundwater can have a profound effect on vegetation growth, because it strongly influences the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and therefore water and oxygen stress of vegetation. In two papers we describe the behavior of a coupled vegetation-groundwater-soil water model including the competition for water and light. In this first paper we describe the vegetation model, compare the model to measured flux data and show the influence of water and light competition in one dimension. In the second paper we focus on the influence of lateral groundwater flow and spatial patterns along a hillslope. The vegetation model is based on a biophysical representation of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Transpiration and stomatal conductance depend both on atmospheric forcing and soil moisture content. Carbon assimilation depends on environmental conditions, stomatal conductance and biochemical processes. Light competition is driven by tree height and water competition is driven by root water uptake and its water and oxygen stress reaction. The modeled and measured H₂O and CO₂ fluxes compare well to observations on both a diurnal and a yearly timescale. Using an upscaling procedure long simulation runs were performed. These show the importance of light competition in temperate forests: once a tree is established under slightly unfavorable soil moisture conditions it can not be outcompeted by smaller trees with better soil moisture uptake capabilities, both in dry as in wet conditions. Performing the long simulation runs with a background mortality rate reproduces realistic densities of wet and dry adapted tree species along a wet to dry gradient. These simulations show that the influence of groundwater is apparent for a large range of groundwater depths, by both capillary rise and water logging. They also show that species composition and biomass have a larger influence on the water balance in eco-hydrological systems than soil and groundwater alone.     

Phytoplankton photosynthetic activity and growth rates in the NW Adriatic Sea

Taxonomic composition, biomass, primary production and growth rates of the phytoplankton community were studied in two stations in the NW Adriatic Sea on a seasonal basis, in areas characterized by differing hydrological and trophic conditions. The main differences between the two stations were quantitative rather than qualitative, most phytoplankton species being common to both stations. The effects of differing nutrient concentrations and plume spreading were evident. Biomass and primary production rates were significantly higher in the coastal station (S1), and the phytoplankton distribution in the water column was markedly stratified in S1 and more even in the offshore station (S3). However, chlorophyll a specific production, potential growth rate and production efficiencies were very similar in both stations, even when phosphorus concentrations were limiting. A discrepancy between potential and actual growth rate was observed: as a feature common to both stations, comparisons between potential and actual growth rates revealed that little carbon produced by phytoplankton accumulated as algal biomass; therefore, very high loss rates were estimated.     

Influence of static magnetic fields on nerve regeneration in vitro

Our research involves determining how non-invasive electric and magnetic fields influence neuronal growth in vitro. In previous studies we have shown that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) as well as direct current (DC) alone stimulate neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion explants [Sisken et al. 1984; Sisken et al. (Restor Neurol Neurosci 1:303–309, 1990); Greenebaum et al. (Bioelectromagnetics 17:293–302, 1996)]. A maximum response was obtained when nerve growth factor (NGF) was also present in the medium. The results of our experiments using static magnetic fields of different strengths are presented below and indicate that fields of high magnetic strength (450–900 gauss) with added NGF stimulate neurite outgrowth comparable to the response obtained with PEMF plus NGF.     

ROLE OF BASEFLOW IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS1

ABSTRACT. The role of initial baseflow, or the baseflow at the beginning of storm precipitation, in modifying mathematical rainfall-runoff relations is analyzed by using data from 95 storms over a drainage basin in Illinois. A regression model is set up with total runoff, surface runoff, baseflow runoff, and peak flow as dependent variables, and storm precipitation, initial baseflow, effective and total storm durations, and highest and lowest temperatures during the storm as independent variables. Stepwise regression analyses show that storm precipitation and initial baseflow are the most important variables for making dependent variable estimates. The standard error estimates using only storm precipitation and initial baseflow as predictors show a seasonal trend with a peak in July, August, or September. An understanding of the role of baseflow as an indicator of average soil moisture condition over the basin can be of great help in short-term reservoir regulation and flood warning.     

上海市环境库兹涅茨曲线分析

经济发达城市的经济发展与环境保护有着相似的经历。以上海市经济增长和废水排放的关系为例,在选取上海市1991-2007年经济与废水排放数据的基础上,建立了人均GDP与废水排放量的模型和绘制了环境库兹涅茨曲线。研究发现,上海市的经济与环境指标中的固废生产量符合环境库兹涅茨曲线呈倒U型,而环境指标中的废水、废气指标则是库兹涅茨曲线呈正U型。     

我国工业“三废”的环境库兹涅茨曲线实证研究

选取我国1996~2008年共13年的人均GDP与工业"三废"排放量的统计数据,借助SPSS系统软件,建立计量经济学模型,分析了工业"三废"排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及其成因。研究发现:我国工业固体废物排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈现出一条递增的直线;工业废水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈现出一条"倒N型"("U型"+"倒U型")曲线;工业废气排放量环境库兹涅茨曲线近似"倒U型"曲线的左半段。也就是说,除工业废水排放量回归曲线出现拐点外,工业固体废物产生量与工业废气排放量仍处于上升期。     

A new method for the prediction of flash points for ternary miscible mixtures

The flash point is one of the most important physicochemical parameters used to characterize the fire and explosion hazard for flammable liquids. The flash points of ternary miscible mixtures with different components and compositions were measured in this study. Four model input parameters, being normal boiling point, the standard enthalpy of vaporization, the average number of carbon atoms and the stoichiometric concentration of the gas phase for mixtures, were employed and calculated based on the theory of vapor–liquid equilibrium. Both multiple linear regression (MLR) and multiple nonlinear regression (MNR) methods were applied to develop prediction models for the flash points of ternary miscible mixtures. The developed predictive models were validated using data measured experimentally as well as taking data on flash points of ternairy mixtures from the literature. Results showed that the obtained average absolute error of both the MLR and the MNR model for all the datasets were within the range of experimental error of flash point measurements. It is shown that the presented models can be effectively used to predict the flash points of ternary mixtures with only some common physicochemical parameters.     

初始氨氮浓度对钝顶螺旋藻生长及其去除率的影响

螺旋藻是一种经济价值很高的微藻,研究氨氮对钝顶螺旋藻生长及其去除水中氨氮效率的影响,探讨其在废水处理中的可行性具有重要意义。结果表明,以硫酸铵作为氮源时,钝顶螺旋藻的对数期一般在4～6 d,随着氨氮浓度的升高对数期略有提前。钝顶螺旋藻对硫酸氨的耐受浓度为0.5 g/L,相应的氨氮浓度为106 mg/L。培养4～6 d时氨氮浓度下降幅度最大,培养结束时氨氮去除率为67.7%～82.5%,当硫酸铵投加量为0.4 g/L时,氨氮去除率最高,达82.6%。因此,螺旋藻可用于去除废水中的氨氮,具有很好的应用前景。