黄单胞菌生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢能力及产物研究

以黄单胞菌为硫氧化菌种挂膜于生物滴滤塔,研究其去除能力及产物.通过测定压降、生物量确定挂膜时间,以进出气口浓度变化反映去除效率,测定营养液pH值变化,用SEM电镜扫描、能谱分析、X射线衍射对产物进行分析.结果表明,黄单胞菌挂膜时间为4 d,持续运行,菌种均匀地分布于填料表面;保持气体流量为1 L/min,H_2S气体质量浓度在2 000 mg/m~3以下时,去除率大于90.5%,单位体积最大生化去除量为43.23 g/(m~3·h);以10 d为周期添加营养,系统的pH值在5～7;自然沉降得到的黄色颗粒状沉淀粒径为3.161～31.90 μm;能谱分析表面主要成分为C、O、S,应该为微生物和S系物;X射线衍射分析表明干燥粉末的主要无机物质存在形态为S单质.塔在弱酸环境运行,能减少对装置的腐蚀,营养液中通过物理沉降、过滤、低速离心的简单手段,就能回收产物S单质.     

Parasitoid-induced mortality of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae, Araneidae) by Hymenoepimecis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in southeastern Brazil

All species included in the Polysphincta genus-group develop as ectophagous parasitoids of active spiders, killing their hosts prior to pupation. However, little information regarding natural history and ovipositing behavior of most species are available. In this study we inspected 85 webs of Araneus omnicolor to evaluate the frequency of parasitism and host size preferences of the wasp Hymenoepimecis sp. We also described the web characteristics of normal and parasitized spiders and the wasp ovipositing behavior. About 41% of the adult females of A. omnicolor inspected were parasitized. The highest incidence of parasitism was observed among relatively small females while no egg or larva was found in large individuals. Araneus omnicolor builds a strong web composed of an orb and barrier threads, where the spider rests within a curled leaf. The parasitoid larva builds its cocoon within this refuge, and modified cocoon webs were not observed. The ovipositing behavior of Hymenoepimecis sp. was very similar to that of Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga parasitizing Leucauge argyra, including the position of the sting, the killing of a previously attached larva, and the expelling of the egg from the base of the ovipositor.     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill effluent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization ( 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill effluent.     

芽孢杆菌 B1胞外活性物质对球形棕囊藻的溶藻特性研究

从珠海香洲码头赤潮海水中分离获得1株对球形棕囊藻有显著溶藻效果的芽孢杆菌B1,研究了B1对棕囊藻的溶藻作用方式,溶藻过程中藻细胞结构变化,并采用透析、乙醇沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、酸碱及热稳定性分析等方法探讨了溶藻活性物质的性质.结果表明,B1无菌滤液对棕囊藻有较强的溶藻效应,除藻率达94.9%,B1通过分泌活性物质间接对球形棕囊藻的生长产生抑制;藻培养液中加入B1无菌滤液16 h后,藻细胞发生团聚,细胞壁失去完整性,56 h后藻细胞破碎,胞内物质溶出;相对分子质量<3 500的分泌物是溶藻过程中起主要作用的活性物质,具有较强极性和热稳定性,在121℃加热20 min后,仍然有良好的溶藻能力,除藻率达92.6%,活性物质在pH 9.0左右溶藻能力较强,在乙醇中不发生沉淀反应,由此推测该活性物质为含有酸性或碱性基团的非生物活性分子,不属于蛋白质、核酸、多糖等物质.     

3株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻效应

从武汉市的池塘分离到3株编号分别为M6,M8和M13的溶藻细菌,对这3株细菌的生理生化特性、溶藻专一性和溶藻原因进行了研究.结果表明:M6,M8和M13分别属于葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.);它们分别能溶解鲍氏织线藻、念珠藻、鱼腥藻、坑形席藻、铜绿微囊藻、鞘丝藻等多种蓝藻,并且它们的液体溶藻现象较固体溶藻现象明显;3株溶藻细菌培养液的过滤液仍有溶藻效应,说明溶藻原因可能是细菌释放某种化学物质所致.      

曲霉对水中重金属的吸附去除

利用2种曲霉A.sojae M146和A.oryzae M149的菌体，作为吸附剂对水中Pb^2＋和Cd^2 进行去除实验。结果表明，曲霉菌体的最佳培养时间为72h，吸附的最佳pH为5．5、温度为30℃、时间为1h。在最佳实验条件下，A.sojae M146对Pb^2 和Cd^2 的吸附率，分别为69．76％和72．28％；A.oryzae M149对Pb^2 和Cd^2 的吸附率，分别为60．64％和81．34％。使用稀碱溶液对曲霉菌体进行浸泡预处理后，可提高对重金属的吸附去除效果；而使用稀释、乙醇水溶液以及蒸馏水对菌体浸泡后，明显降低了重金属的去除效果。Na2CO3和EDTA溶液，可以有效地将重金属从曲霉体上解吸下来，从而达到重复利用菌体作为吸附剂的目的。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对短裸甲藻的抑制机制研究

为揭示化感物质邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)对短裸甲藻(Gymnodinium breve)的抑制机制,研究了DBP对短裸甲藻丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、亚显微结构、不同超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的影响.结果表明,DBP引起了细胞MDA的积累,3 mg.L-1的DBP处理组在72 h处出现最大值,为0.34μmol.(109cells)-1,是对照组的2.3倍;细胞膜出现大量突起,细胞内形成大量液泡,膜结构解体最终空洞、死亡.CuZn-SOD位于藻细胞质,在DBP影响下,活性升高,表明藻细胞质(包括细胞膜)内积累的ROS诱导了酶的活性;而位于线粒体的Mn-SOD活性降低,可能是由于ROS在线粒体内积累过度导致其失活,DBP可能通过作用于短裸甲藻线粒体和细胞膜,从而引起藻细胞氧化损伤,最终导致细胞空洞化死亡.该结果对赤潮化感抑制剂的实际应用具有理论指导作用.     

美洲商陆和籽粒苋对接种伯克氏菌的生理生化响应及其对富集铯的影响

利用盆栽试验研究一株具有重金属耐性的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.D54)对美洲商陆和籽粒苋生长及对铯富集的影响.结果表明,接种菌株D54,美洲商陆和籽粒苋总干物重分别比对照处理增加19.8%～33.4%和22.9%～76.6%,美洲商陆和籽粒苋地上部铯含量分别增加4.9%～22.4%和8.1%～19.4%,根中铯含量分别增加6.8%～15.7%和1.1%～10.8%.同时,接种微生物还增加了植物对钾的吸收,提高供试植物的光合反应速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率,增加铯胁迫条件下植物的抗氧化酶CAT、POD、SOD的活性,降低了MDA的含量.     

噻吩磺隆降解菌FLX的分离鉴定及降解特性

从生产噻吩磺隆的农药厂内土壤中采取土样,经驯化富集后筛选到1株能高效降解噻吩磺隆的细菌FLX,根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA分析,鉴定FLX初步为寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.).FLX能在含50mg/L噻吩磺隆的基础盐液体培养基中降解噻吩磺隆,48h降解率达83.34%.FLX降解噻吩磺隆的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为35℃,在所试的金属离子中,Zn²⁺、Al³⁺、Cu²⁺、Ba²⁺、Fe_³⁺等对FLX的降解影响较小;Hg²⁺,Co²⁺则抑制FLX的生长与降解.酶的定域实验表明,该菌中噻吩磺隆水解酶为胞内酶.     

溶藻活性物质对棕囊藻溶藻及其脂肪酸影响的模拟

为了探讨芽孢杆菌B1分泌的胞外溶藻活性物质对球形棕囊藻的溶藻特性和藻毒素物质脂肪酸的影响,比较了模拟自然水体中叶绿素a、p H、溶解氧DO、高锰酸盐指数和营养元素N、P浓度在溶藻前后的变化,并利用GC-MS检测了球形棕囊藻脂肪酸的成分和含量.用体积比1∶100的芽孢杆菌B1胞外活性物质处理模拟水体14 d,发现水体中叶绿素a、p H值和高锰酸盐指数随处理时间的增加而降低,DO和N、P浓度随处理时间的增加而增加.在第14 d时,处理组水体中p H值由8.50降低到7.51,叶绿素a降低82.3%(P0.05),DO增加29.5%(P0.05),高锰酸盐指数降低55.2%(P0.01).NH+4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P浓度分别增加了0.46、1.50、6.24和1.30倍.投加活性物质处理14 d后,球形棕囊藻藻毒素中的主要3种脂肪酸C18:2、C16:0和C18:1分别降低了100%、97.7%和85.4%(P0.01),总脂肪酸含量降低83.4%(P0.01).结果表明,芽孢杆菌B1胞外溶藻活性物质在模拟自然水体中能有效抑制球形棕囊藻的生长,并降低藻毒素脂肪酸的含量.研究结果为芽孢杆菌B1胞外活性物质的生态安全性应用提供理论基础.