黑水虻转化厨余垃圾过程中病原菌灭活规律的研究与综合评价

黑水虻能够有效取食厨余垃圾等有机固体废弃物,其自身转化为昆虫蛋白和脂肪等生物质,将厨余垃圾转化为虫沙有机肥,处理过程是一种有机固体废弃物的资源化新方法.为评估黑水虻处理厨余垃圾的效率与安全性,本课题研究黑水虻在厨余垃圾处理过程中,对大肠杆菌O157：H7（EC）、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（ST）及金黄色葡萄球（SA）的灭活能力,评价黑水虻体内的抑菌因子,分析3种病原菌对黑水虻生长增重及厨余转化效率的影响.经过18 d的黑水虻处理,研究发现：①第0和第6 d两次以6.4~7.1 log₁₀ CFU·g^-1的浓度向厨余垃圾中分别接种EC、ST和SA以后,EC经4~6 d处理被全部灭活、ST经3~4 d处理被全部灭活,SA经6 d处理,浓度下降到1.9~2.6 log₁₀ CFU·g^-1,但不能被全部灭活,病原菌的灭活效率呈现EC=ST>SA的趋势（p < 0.001）,且黑水虻体内无EC、ST或SA残留;②厨余垃圾降解过程中,初期和中期pH值主要呈现酸性（4.0~5.3）,对抑制EC、ST和SA起到了促进作用,后期pH值呈中性至弱碱性;③黑水虻对于EC和ST能够产生自身免疫抑制因子,且抑制活性ST>EC,但对SA无明显的免疫抑制能力,SA的灭活主要依赖于黑水虻肠道菌群的竞争性抑制作用;④黑水虻的体长、体重、预蛹率、产率,以及厨余垃圾的生物转化率和减量化率未受病原菌存在的影响,18 d后EC组、ST组和SA组的预蛹率均达到在80%以上,厨余减量化率分别达到74.0%、79.1%和78.5%,生物转化率分别达到13.0%、13.2%、19.4%.综上,黑水虻能够在彻底灭活EC、ST,99%灭活SA的同时,高效降解厨余垃圾（减量化率>74%）,并转化为虫体有机质（虫产率>10%）,是一种高效卫生的厨余垃圾资源化方法.今后的研究中,还需要加强以金葡菌为代表的抗逆性病原菌的灭活机制的探讨.     

Strategic pollution control and capital tax competition

In an analytical model of symmetric countries with mobile capital and local or transboundary pollution we investigate whether competition in emissions taxes (or emissions caps) and capital taxes leads to efficient outcomes when governments act strategically. When they have capital taxes and emissions caps at their disposal, they refrain from taxing capital and set their caps inefficiently lax [efficient] for transboundary [local] pollution. When they have the option to tax capital and emissions, capital is subsidized [untaxed] and emissions taxes are inefficiently low [efficient] for transboundary [local] pollution. In case of transboundary pollution emissions caps are Pareto-superior to emissions taxes. That holds regardless of whether the environmental policy is applied as stand-alone policy or combined with capital tax competition.     

International environmental agreements with support

We augment the standard cartel formation game from non-cooperative coalition theory, often applied in the context of international environmental agreements, with the possibility that singletons support coalition formation without becoming coalition members themselves. We assume their support takes the form of a monetary transfer to the coalition, in order to induce larger coalitions, higher levels of public good provision and higher payoffs. We show that, under mild conditions on the costs and benefits of contributing to the public good (e.g. abatement of greenhouse gas emissions), there exist equilibria with support. Allowing for support increases payoffs to each of three types of agents: members, supporters and free-riders.     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

Linkages to manufacturing in the resource sector: The case of the Angolan oil and gas industry

This paper discusses the current state and future prospects of backward production linkages to the manufacturing sector in the Angolan oil and gas industry. The paper finds that local value-added links are currently limited to labour and to a lesser degree in basic services. However, there is a realistic and strategic potential for local manufacturing linkages to expand in the oilfield services sector of the industry, which in turn can stimulate industrial development. For this to be achieved, the factors that are currently constraining the expansion and deepening of linkages have to be addressed, namely, a weak local content strategy, a weak local skills and industrial base and the integration of industrial and oil sector policies.     

高级氧化工艺降解水中磺胺甲基嘧啶研究

为有效去除水体污染物磺胺类抗生素(Sulfonamides antibiotics,SAs),采用高级氧化紫外/双氧水(UV/H_2O_2)和紫外/过硫酸盐(UV/PS)工艺降解磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine,SM1)。研究表明,紫外与氧化剂(H_2O_2,PS)联用可显著提高去除率,其反应符合拟一级动力学模型。磺胺甲基嘧啶的去除率在一定范围随着氧化剂H_2O_2和PS的浓度升高而升高;磺胺甲基嘧啶初始质量浓度越大,反应速率越小。两种工艺降解磺胺甲基嘧啶最大去除率均发生在pH=3。NaCl会抑制两种工艺对目标污染物的降解,而适当的NaHCO_3可促进其降解反应的进行。腐植酸的存在对两种工艺降解污染物均会产生抑制作用。     

含硫天然气泄漏扩散事故后果三维数值模拟

含硫天然气泄漏扩散是一个非常复杂的扩散过程,它受复杂地形空间、不同风向、风速等各种条件的影响。为此,采用可行的计算流体动力学(CFD)对这一过程进行了三维数值模拟,根据龙岗001-81井含硫天然气泄漏扩散事故现场,利用ArcGIS软件提取该井周围2 500 m范围内的地形数据建立计算域物理模型,模拟了在多种工况下(不同地形、风向、风速)含硫天然气的扩散规律,对扩散结果进行规律性总结。     

柳叶蜡梅化感作用初探

以大豆、玉米作为受体,通过对种子萌发指标和幼苗生长量的测定,探讨柳叶蜡梅叶片水浸提液的化感作用.结果表明,不同浓度的柳叶蜡梅水浸提液对两种受体的种子萌发和幼苗生长量均有不同程度的抑制作用,相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加.因此,柳叶蜡梅对大豆、玉米均有化感抑制作用.     

亚硝酸在冰晶中的存在形态

亚硝酸在冰晶中存在以下平衡:NO2(-→)H+HONO(→)H+H2ONO+(→)H2O+NO+,导致冰晶中的亚硝酸以4种形式的N(Ⅲ):NM2-,HONO,H2ONO2+和NO+存在.实验发现,四种N(Ⅲ)在冰晶中分数与pH值有很大关系:pH>3,主要以NO2-和HONO形式存在;pH<3,主要以HONO,H2ONO+和NO+形式存在.冰晶中的N(Ⅲ)借助以上平衡不断产生HONO并释放到大气中,导致冰晶中N(Ⅲ)不断损失.实验还发现,冰晶中N(Ⅲ)损失率随pH值的升高先升高后下降,随N(Ⅲ)初始浓度升高而升高.紫外光能使冰晶中N(Ⅲ)发生光解,但光解速率很慢,加入·OH猝灭剂也不能提高冰晶中N(Ⅲ)的光解率.     

全过程除臭工艺在北京某再生水厂的应用及其中气液两相污染物的削减过程

全过程除臭是一种以微生物法为核心的低碳除臭方式。为评估其应用效果,分析了北京市某再生水厂的产排污关键环节中的气液两相污染物削减情况。结果表明：初始污水中[NH₄⁺-N]高于H₂S的质量浓度,分别为55 mg·L⁻¹和6 mg·L⁻¹,二者随污水反应进程呈逐渐降低的趋势,分别在生化段和粗格栅处去除效果最好;气相污染物主要为NH₃和H₂S,其中NH₃在粗格栅处排放通量较高,质量浓度为0.4 mg·m⁻³,化学浓度贡献率为71%~91%,H₂S在污泥储池处质量浓度较高,为0.16 mg·m⁻³;对粗格栅处进行模拟换气实验,H₂S、NH₃和臭气的浓度分别为 0.027~0.036 mg·m⁻³、0.023~0.031 mg·m⁻³和10~15;厂界的NH₃和H₂S质量浓度在上风向的检测值均低于下风向,最高值为0.100和 0.007 mg·m⁻³,臭气 (无量纲) ,甲烷体积分数为1.7×10⁻⁶,粗格栅模拟换气和厂界排放浓度均达到北京市《大气污染物综合排放标准》 (DB11/501-2017) 和《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》 (GB18918-2002) 。该研究结果对北京某再生水厂进行气液两相污染物削减分析,证明了全过程除臭工艺应用的有效性,可为同类水厂的除臭问题提供参考。