Emission reduction and profit-neutral permit allocations

The present paper addresses two policy objectives: to implement a market for pollution permits and to make regulation acceptable for businesses. Profit-neutral permit allocations are defined as the number of permits that the regulator should give for free so that post-regulation profits (i.e. a firm's profits in the products market plus the value of the allowances granted for free) are equal to pre-regulation profits. The proposed model is developed by assuming that firms use polluting technologies and compete “à la Cournot”. The paper demonstrates that a low number of free allowances is sufficient to meet these two goals. Moreover, the regulator can fully offset losses, even when the reduction in emissions is high, provided that the sectors concerned are not monopolies, both for isoelastic and linear demand functions.     

Do energy prices affect employment? Decomposed international evidence

This paper analyzes the energy price-employment nexus and contributes to the literature by showing that it is important to decompose the regulatory effect into demand, cost, and factor-shift effects. This is done by means of a cross-country multi-sectoral dataset. The results show that both rising energy prices and shadow prices of energy have no significant effect on net employment when the manufacturing sectors only are analyzed. While finding significant variations across countries, the average employment effects become significantly positive once jobs in the economy as a whole are considered. This change is driven mainly by larger positive cost effects, which more than offset the negative demand effects and reductions in the positive factor-shift effects. Moreover, the paper reveals that the often implemented approach of using a simple regulation regressor, instead of decomposing the employment effect, can result in biased estimates.     

Cumulative carbon emissions and economic policy: In search of general principles

We exploit recent advances in climate science to develop a physically consistent, yet surprisingly simple, model of climate policy. It seems that key economic models have greatly overestimated the delay between carbon emissions and warming, and ignored the saturation of carbon sinks that takes place when the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide rises. This has important implications for climate policy. If carbon emissions are abated, damages are avoided almost immediately. Therefore it is optimal to reduce emissions significantly in the near term and bring about a slow transition to optimal peak warming, even if optimal steady-state/peak warming is high. The optimal carbon price should start relatively high and grow relatively fast.     

前驱物结晶体升华成膜法制备TiO2薄膜及其光催化性研究

采用“前驱物结晶体升华成膜法”工艺，使含钛前驱物结晶体草酸氧钛酸以升华的方式，均匀地在玻璃表面形成前驱物薄膜；经过热处理，制备出外观平整透明的玻璃基TiO2薄膜，其薄膜厚度为80-100nm，粒度≤50nm。初步研究了制备条件、薄膜性能和本工艺制备的玻璃基TiO2纳米薄膜对甲基对硫磷的光催化降解性能。     

水质对UV/H_2O_2降解2,4-二氯酚的影响

研究了UV/H2O2工艺对2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除效果和水中阴离子、腐殖酸对该工艺降解2,4-DCP的影响。结果表明:UV/H2O2工艺可以有效的去除水中2,4-DCP,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型;在H2O2投加量为8mg/L,1个30W低压汞灯照射下,2,4-DCP在蒸馏水和自来水中光降解速率常数分别为0.0232/min和0.0162/min;NO3-、Cl-、HCO3-对2,4-DCP光降解有抑制作用;当3种离子浓度为0.5mmol/L、10mmol/L、20mmol/L时,对2,4-DCP光降解的抑制程度为HCO3->NO3->Cl-;随着离子浓度增大,抑制作用增强;自来水中的光降解速率常数低于蒸馏水中的光降解速率常数是由于水中多种离子影响的结果;腐殖酸在低浓度时,促进光降解反应的进行,在高浓度时,2,4-DCP的光降解氧化受到抑制。     

超声-过氧化氢-氧化铜组合技术催化氧化水中苯酚

研究了超声-H2O2-CuO组合技术对苯酚的降解效果。考察了苯酚初始浓度、溶液温度及鼓入空气对苯酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明，与未鼓入空气时相比，连续鼓气时苯酚的降解效果较好；初始浓度低，苯酚去除率高；溶液温度从20％上升到55％时，苯酚去除率随温度升高而增大，温度对该过程的影响主要表现为对催化剂的影响而不是对超声作用的影响。高效液相色谱分析表明，苯酚降解的中间产物主要为对苯二酚、邻苯二酚及其他有机小分子物质，最终产物为草酸、二氧化碳和水。     

A bioaugmentation failure caused by phage infection and weak biofilm formation ability

Two biological aerated filters (BAF) were setup for ammonia removal treatment of the circulation water in a marine aquaculture. One of the BAFs was bioaugmented with a heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Lutimonas sp. H10, where the ammonia removal was not improved and the massive inoculation was even followed by a nitrification breakdown from day 9 to 18. The nitrification was remained stable in control BAF operated under the same conditions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted probes and cultivable method revealed that Lutimonas sp. H10 almost disappeared from the bioaugomented BAF within 3 d, and this was mainly due to the infection of a specific phage as revealed by flask experiment, plaque assay and transmission electron observation. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene libraries showed that bacterial groups from two reactors evolved di erently and an overgrowth of protozoa was observed in the bioaugmented BAF. Therefore, phage infection and poor biofilm forming ability of the inoculated strain are the main reasons for bioaugmentation failure. In addition, grazing by protozoa of the bacteria might be the reason for the nitrification breakdown in bioaugmented BAF during day 9–18.     

钻井废液的O_3/H_2O_2深度氧化处理研究

针对钻井废液COD高,成分复杂,难降解的特点,对经过破胶分离后的废水进行O3预氧化-中间混凝-O3/H2O2深度氧化处理工艺,考察了处理过程中pH值、O3与H2O2的加量、反应时间等。结果表明,当体系pH值为12,O3流量0.2m3/h,H2O2的加量700mg/L,反应时间50min时,原水COD由1462mg/L降至142mg/L,去除率高达90.28%。     

五溴联苯醚-镉胁迫下蚯蚓抗氧化防御反应

文章采用自然土壤染毒法,研究了Cd2+和DE-71对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,两种污染物对蚯蚓的三种酶活性均产生一定的影响,DE-71主要表现为诱导效应,而高浓度的Cd2+则会产生抑制作用,SOD和CAT较POD敏感,对环境污染有很好的指示作用。Cd2+和DE-71复合染毒对抗氧化防御系统产生一定的联合毒性效应,SOD主要由协同转变为拮抗作用;以CAT指示的联合效应则受DE-71染毒浓度的影响,当Cd2+与10和100mg/kg(干重)DE-71复合时,联合毒性作用由协同转变为拮抗,而与400mg/kg(干重)DE-71复合时则呈现协同作用;POD指标下两种污染物间则表现为拮抗作用。总体来说Cd2+与DE-71对蚯蚓的抗氧化防御反应主要表现为拮抗效应。     

UV/H2O2法处理焦化废水的试验研究

焦化废水是一种典型的成分复杂的难降解有机废水。实验利用UV／H2O2法对焦化废水的处理进行研究,探讨了不同反应时间、H2O2投加量、pH值等因素对COD去除率及色度降解效果的影响。结果表明．废水起始COD质量浓度为1334mg几时,H2O2投加浓度为45mmol/L,pH值=11,紫外灯照射60min,COD去除率可达70％以上;随着H2O2投加量的增加以及pH值的升高,污水的色度明显降低。