低温非钒基NH3选择性催化还原催化剂的技术需求和研究进展

低温脱硝技术对于氮氧化物(NOx)的脱除意义深远,而NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR) NO技术不仅在燃煤工厂里有应用,也在移动源的NOx的脱除上有应用的潜能.在低温NH3-SCR技术领域,很多非钒基的催化剂材料因其优异的催化性能受到重视.简述了低温SCR技术在能源、水泥、冶金行业的技术需求,并着重介绍了各种催化剂的SCR活性、不同催化剂的催化机制和抗SO2、H2O性能.并由此得出未来工业脱硝对催化剂的高SCR催化活性、高的N2选择性以及良好的抗SO2和H2O性能的要求.     

Preventing land loss in coastal Louisiana: estimates of WTP and WTA

A dichotomous-choice contingent-valuation survey was conducted in the State of Louisiana (USA) to estimate compensating surplus (CS) and equivalent surplus (ES) welfare measures for the prevention of future coastal wetland losses in Louisiana. Valuations were elicited using both willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept compensation (WTA) payment vehicles. Mean CS (WTP) estimates based on a probit model using a Box-Cox specification on income was $825 per household annually, and mean ES (WTA) was estimated at $4444 per household annually. Regression results indicate that the major factors influencing support for land-loss prevention were income (positive, WTP model only), perceived hurricane protection benefits (positive), environmental and recreation protection (positive), distrust of government (negative), age (positive, WTA model only), and race (positive for whites).     

反硝化细菌抑制石油集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌试验研究

建立了两个UASB反应器(UASB-1和UASB-2)。其中UASB-1模拟石油集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌的生存环境,强化系统中硫酸盐还原菌的滋生,使其不断产生硫化氢气体。该系统的液体进入后续UASB-2厌氧反应器,其主要作用是在其中形成反硝化作用的环境条件,以控制石油输集系统中不断滋生的硫酸盐还原菌,从而达到控制硫化氢气体的目的。结果表明,硫酸盐还原菌的最佳氧化还原电位(ORP)为-370～-300mV,而反硝化细菌的最佳ORP为-150～-50mV。向系统中投加亚硝酸钠可迅速增加反应器中的ORP,并为反硝化细菌提供充足的氮源。当系统中的w(SO24-)∶w(NO2-)=8∶1.2时,抑制效果最佳,可以将硫化氢的产生降低至10%。运用16S rDNA基因克隆-变性梯度凝胶电泳分析方法研究了系统中微生物种属的变化情况。结果表明,反硝化细菌能够有效抑制系统中硫酸盐还原菌繁殖,系统中3种典型硫酸盐还原菌(脱硫弧菌属、脱硫肠状菌属、脱硫单胞菌属)逐渐消失,同时反硝化细菌的种属和数量都显著增加。     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

A novel strategy for gas mitigation during swine manure odour treatment using seaweed and a microbial consortium

• Comprehensive mitigation of gas emissions from swine manure was investigated. • Additives addition for mitigation of gas from the manure has been developed. • Sargassum horneri, seaweed masking strategy controlled gas by 90%-100%. • Immediate reduction in emitted gas and improving air quality has been determined. • Microbial consortium with seaweed completely controlled gas emissions by 100%. Gas emissions from swine farms have an impact on air quality in the Republic of Korea. Swine manure stored in deep pits for a long time is a major source of harmful gas emissions. Therefore, we evaluated the mitigation of emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and amine gases from swine manure with biological products such as seaweed (Sargassum horneri) and a microbial consortium (Bacillus subtilis (1.2 × 10⁹ CFU/mL), Thiobacillus sp. (1.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/mL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.0 × 10⁹ CFU/mL)) used as additives due to their promising benefits for nutrient cycling. Overall, seaweed powder masking over two days provided notable control of over 98%-100% of the gas emissions. Furthermore, significant control of gas emissions was especially pronounced when seaweed powder masking along with a microbial consortium was applied, resulting in a gas reduction rate of 100% for NH₃, amines and H₂S over 10 days of treatment. The results also suggested that seaweed powder masking and a microbial consortium used in combination to reduce the gas emissions from swine manure reduced odour compared with that observed when the two additives were used alone. Without the consortium, seaweed decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The proposed novel method of masking with a microbial consortium is promising for mitigating hazardous gases, simple, and environmentally beneficial. More research is warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying the seaweed and substrate interactions.     

基于i.MX27的H.264网络视频监控系统设计

研制了一种基于H.264网络视频监控系统,采用i.MX27芯片作为嵌入式CPU芯片,片内集成了H.264硬件编解码视频处理单元.从系统的硬件设计和软件设计两部分介绍了系统的音视频采集、压缩、存储、传输及系统控制等方面设计.实验证明,该系统集成度高,成本低,功耗小,功能多而强大,在视频监控、视频会议等各个领域中有广泛的应用前景.     

UV-B辐射影响大豆幼苗水分代谢的机理

为探索UV-B辐射胁迫对大豆幼苗的伤害机制,采用水培法研究紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320 nm)胁迫作用对大豆(Glycine max)幼苗叶片气孔密度、气孔导度(GS)、脱落酸(ABA)含量、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.静态实验结果表明,UV-B辐射处理降低了大豆幼苗气孔密度,UV-B处理组气孔密度低于对照CK(喷水)组.动态曲线显示,较之CK(喷水),UV-B辐射使大豆幼苗GS下降,且最终达到较好的恢复效果;ABA和H2O2含量、CAT活性的变化趋势与GS的变化趋势不同,与CK(喷水)相比,UV-B辐射导致ABA和H2O2积累,CAT活性提高.研究表明,UV-B辐射抑制大豆幼苗水分代谢.     

中心复合设计射线法考察离子液体C16H31ClN2与乐果的毒性相互作用

离子液体(ILs)是一种用于替代传统易挥发有机溶剂的新型"绿色"溶剂.由于不挥发、不会对大气产生污染而得到广泛应用.但是某些ILs易溶于水,其自身毒性能够对生态环境造成潜在影响,这已引起诸多学者对ILs毒性的研究兴趣.然而ILs与其它污染物的毒性相互作用目前研究很少.论文选取咪唑类离子液体C16H31ClN(2DMI)与有机磷杀虫剂乐果(DIM)作为目标化合物,以青海弧菌Q67为检测生物,采用微板毒性分析法测定了目标化合物及其混合物的毒性.为全面考察不同浓度范围DMI与DIM的毒性相互作用,将中心复合设计与固定浓度比射线法有机结合起来构建5个不同浓度比的混合物射线,通过浓度加和与独立作用模型对混合物射线进行比较评估.结果表明在DMI浓度较大且DIM浓度较低时,DMI与DIM之间存在明显拮抗作用,而在其它浓度范围内两者之间为加和作用.     

过硫酸盐氧化处理含萘磺酸废水

萘磺酸在工业上应用广泛.本文选取H酸(1-氨基-8-萘酚-3,6-二磺酸)为特征污染物,比较了碱活化、热活化以及碱热复合活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解H酸的效果并讨论了其他因素对复合活化的影响.结果表明,碱活化中氧化钙投加量从0增加至1 250 mg·L^-1,反应100 min后H酸的去除率由42.5%升至82.8%.热活化中H酸的去除率与温度正相关,在65℃时H酸去除率为77.5%,反应的活化能为37.85 kJ·mol^-1.复合活化虽然加快了反应速率,但高温下PS迅速分解导致对H酸的降解效果不如单一热活化, PS浓度的改变并未显著提高H酸的去除率,无机阴离子CO₃^2-不利于H酸的去除.复合活化对H酸的矿化效果不理想,TOC去除率仅为16%.利用GC-MS鉴定出H酸的降解中间产物主要是对-苯二甲酸,表明萘环打开后可能生成了邻-苯二甲酸酐.     

有害因子胁迫对人支气管上皮细胞SO2生物合成的影响

为了探讨有害因子胁迫与二氧化硫(SO2)细胞生物合成的关系,采用体外培养实验方法研究了不同浓度H2O2(0.1、1、10mmol·L-1)以及不同pH值(6.8、7.2、8.0)培养液对人支气管上皮细胞(BEP2D)SO2产生量(以胞内SO32-含量代表)的影响.结果表明:1)培养液过酸(pH6.8)和过碱(pH8.0)均可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量显著增加(与对照相比,p<0.05);2)H2O2胁迫也可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量增加,当H2O2浓度≥1mmol·L-1时,与对照相比,差异达到显著(p<0.05).以上结果提示:人支气管上皮细胞在有害因子的胁迫下可产生内源性SO2;SO2可能是一种生物气体应激分子,能像应激蛋白那样提高生物体对有害因子的抵御能力.