硫酸雾测试方法若干问题思考

简述了我国硫酸雾测试方法的发展历史,分析和总结了《固定污染源废气硫酸雾的测定离子色谱法》(HJ 544—2016)存在的一些争议和问题,包括硫酸雾的定义、测试方法的干扰控制等。分析认为,相比《硫酸工业污染物排放标准》(GB 26132—2010),HJ 544—2016对硫酸雾的定义更加合理。实验结果表明:硫酸盐是测试方法条件下的目标物,滤筒可以显著地捕捉硫酸盐。9组样品滤筒中,被测目标物所占比例为7. 9%～69. 1%;滤筒和前吸收液中,被测目标物所占比例为93. 7%～97. 8%。HJ 544—2016新增加的两级串联碱液吸收瓶可以较完全地捕集穿透滤筒后的硫酸雾,同时也会捕集SO₂。SO₂会对硫酸雾测试产生正干扰,约42. 9%的SO₂在被吸收后转化为硫酸雾。     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

覆膜与降雨类型对土壤水分及NO3--N淋失的影响

在丹江口库区青塘河五龙池小流域,以黄棕壤横垄种植玉米为例,设置覆膜与无覆膜两种处理,采用田间小区实验研究覆膜与降雨类型对0~30 cm土壤水分和NO-3-N淋失的影响.结果表明:两处理土壤含水量均随土层加深而增加,与无覆膜相比覆膜可降低0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层中的含水量.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤含水量的影响有区别,小雨时3层土壤间差异显著,含水量随土层加深急剧增加;中雨时10~20cm比0~10 cm、20~30 cm比10~20 cm分别高50.80%、6.62%,0~10 cm土壤含水量显著低于10~20 cm和20~30 cm;暴雨时含水量随土层加深增幅变小;覆膜土壤土层越深土壤含水量受降雨的影响越小.覆膜可降低0~10、10~20 cm土层中的NO-3-N淋失量,分别降低40.74%、24.48%,但会增加20~30 cm的淋失;两处理土壤NO-3-N淋失量均随土层加深而增加.不同降雨类型对覆膜土壤NO-3-N淋失的影响也有区别,小雨时随土壤深度的增加淋失量增多;中雨时,0~10、20~30 cm NO-3-N淋失量分别为10~20 cm的1.75、8.41倍;暴雨时,0~10、20~30 cm分别比10~20 cm低18.97%和60.69%.土壤中NO-3-N淋失受土壤含水量的影响,且随土层加深含水量对NO-3-N淋失的影响减弱.     

厌氧流化床反应器处理含硫废水毒性的实验

采用多孔聚合物载体固定化微生物在厌氧流化床（AFB）反应器中处理含硫废水,研究反应器抗硫化物（S^2－）毒性抑制和抗硫酸盐毒性抑制的能力;探索解除 S^2－毒性的方法．研究表明,当进料基质 COD浓度为 5000mg/L,HRT为5.2－5.4h,S^2－＜200mg/L时,反应器去除 COD效果不受影响,S^2－350mg/L时,厌氧消化受到明显抑制,反应器可容忍530mg/L S^2－浓度而未造成消化系统的破坏;SO₄^2－浓度高达3521mg/L,COD去除率仍可达77％－80％,但SO₄^2－去除率明显下降;当COD/SO₄^2－的比值大于1.45时,硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌的生长未受到明显抑制,此时容积负荷为22－24kgCOD/（m³>·d）,COD去除率为80％,SO₄^2－去除率为58.8％;向反应器投加适量FeCl₂可很好地解除S^2－的抑制．     

Optimization of the O3/H2O2 process with response surface methodology for pretreatment of mother liquor of gas field wastewater

• Real ML-GFW with high salinity and high organics was degraded by O₃/H₂O₂ process. • Successful optimization of operation conditions was attained using RSM based on CCD. • Single-factor experiments in advance ensured optimal experimental conditions. • The satisfactory removal efficiency of TOC was achieved in spite of high salinity. • The initial pH plays the most significant role in the degradation of ML-GFW. The present study reports the use of the O₃/H₂O₂ process in the pretreatment of the mother liquor of gas field wastewater (ML-GFW), obtained from the multi-effect distillation treatment of the gas field wastewater. The range of optimal operation conditions was obtained by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was used for the optimization procedure. A regression model with Total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency as the response value was established (R² = 0.9865). The three key factors were arranged according to their significance as: pH>H₂O₂ dosage>ozone flow rate. The model predicted that the best operation conditions could be obtained at a pH of 10.9, an ozone flow rate of 0.8 L/min, and H₂O₂ dosage of 6.2 mL. The dosing ratio of ozone was calculated to be 9.84 mg O₃/mg TOC. The maximum removal efficiency predicted was 75.9%, while the measured value was 72.3%. The relative deviation was found to be in an acceptable range. The ozone utilization and free radical quenching experiments showed that the addition of H₂O₂ promoted the decomposition of ozone to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH). This also improved the ozone utilization efficiency. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that most of the organic matters in ML-GFW were degraded, while some residuals needed further treatment. This study provided the data and the necessary technical supports for further research on the treatment of ML-GFW.     

卡尔曼滤波-分光光度法同时测定长江、嘉陵江地表水中微量铜、镉、锌和铅

以2-(5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基酚为螯合剂,三氯甲烷为萃取剂,采用卡尔曼滤波和分光光度法同时分析长江和嘉陵江现场采集的地表水样中Cu~(2 ),Cd~(2 ),Zn~(2 )和Pb~(2 )的浓度.4种金属离子的实验室回收率在91.0%-113.1%之间;比较长江、嘉陵江国控点例行监测数据,本方法具有较好的可比性和可靠性,能直接应用于江河水样多种金属污染物的同时定量分析.     

Effects of ozone on chlorophyll and quantum yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties

Plants of Bel-W3 and of seven commercial tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were exposed to two relatively low ozone concentrations (90 or 135 ppb) for 20 consecutive days, for 8 h per day. Ozone caused necrotic and chlorotic spots, acceleration of leaf senescence, depression of photosynthetic mechanism, chlorophyll diminution and greater destruction of chl a than of chl b. The higher sensitivity of chl a was also confirmed by exposure of segments of leaves in test tubes to high ozone concentration (>1000 ppb) as well as by bubbling of ozone in extracts of chlorophyll in vitro. The quantum yield (QY) of photosynthesis was positively correlated with the chlorophyll content and negatively correlated with the visible injury and the chl b/a ratio.     

Polymer Mineralization in Soils: Effects of Cold Storage on Microbial Populations and Biodegradation Potential

Soil retrieval, processing and storage procedures can have a profound effect on soil microorganisms. In particular, changes in soil microbial populations may adversely affect the biological activity of a soil and drastically alter the soil's potential to mineralize added substrates. The effects of cold storage on the biodegradation of a series of test polymers was investigated using two soils—a synthetic soil mix (SM-L8) and a field soil (Bridgehampton silt loam) from Rhode Island (RI-1). Biodegradation tests were conducted using freshly prepared/collected soil and again following storage at 4°C for 3 to 8 months. Prior to each biodegradation test, the soils were incubated at 60% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 25°C to rejuvenate the microbial populations; the soils were incubated for periods of 48 h (freshly collected soil) or 25 days (soils stored at 4°C). Soil microbial populations were assessed by enumerating different segments of the population on agar plates containing different selective media. Mineralization of the test polymers (cellulose, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, and starch acetate, d.s. 1.5) was monitored using standard respirometric techniques. Our results demonstrated that cold storage had a generally negative effect on the soil microbial populations themselves but that its effect on the capacity of the soil microorganisms to degrade the test polymers varied between soils and polymer type. Whereas cold storage resulted in dramatic shifts in the community structure of the soil microbial populations, substantial restoration of these populations was possible by first conditioning the soils at 60% WHC and ambient temperatures for 25 days. Likewise, although the effects of cold storage on polymer mineralization varied with the test polymer and soil, these effects could be largely offset by including an initial 25-day stabilization period in the test.     

In-situ-reduced synthesis of cyano group modified g-C3N4/CaCO3 composite with highly enhanced photocatalytic activity for nicotine elimination

Graphite carbon nitride has many excellent properties as a two-dimensional semiconductor material so that it has a wide application prospect in the field of photocatalysis. However, the traditional problems such as high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers limit its application. In this work, we introduce nitrogen deficiency into g-C₃N₄ to solve this problem a simple and safe in-situ reduction method. g-C₃N₄/CaCO₃ was obtained by a simple and safe one-step calcination method with industrial-grade micron particles CaCO₃. Cyano group modification was in-situ reduced during the thermal polymerization process, which would change the internal electronic structure of g-C₃N₄. The successful combination of g-C₃N₄ and CaCO₃ and the introduction of cyanide have been proved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The formation of the cyano group, an electron-absorbing group, promotes the effective separation of photogenic electron hole pairs and inhibits the recombination of photogenic carriers. These advantages result in the generation of more •O₂⁻ and ¹O₂ in the catalytic system, which increases the photocatalytic efficiency of nicotine degradation by ten times. Furthermore, the degradation process of nicotine has been studied in this work to provide a basis for the degradation of nicotine organic pollutants in the air.