光(温)敏核不育水稻生态及生理生化研究概述

本文介绍了光、温敏核不育水稻在生态及生理生化方面取得的主要成就.着重概述了光、温敏核不育水稻雄性育性转换的光温生态条件,育性转换过程中蛋白质、氨基酸、酶活性、ATP及内源植物激素持续变化.另外,对光、温敏不育水稻研究存在的问题进行了分析.     

腐殖酸对土壤挥发汞植物有效性的影响研究

土壤挥发汞对植物是非常有效的,并能通过食物链威胁人体健康,因此,本试验设计了“密闭箱的水培试验”定量研究了腐殖酸及其组份对土壤挥发汞生物活性的影响,结果发现：腐殖酸能有效地抑制土壤汞的挥发,降低植株对土壤挥发汞的吸收,其作用机理在于土壤挥发汞的形态转化,通过对转化条件的调节,可以达到控制土壤挥发汞向食物的链转移的目的。     

Study on the action and mechanism of humic acids in Kaschin-Beck disease

Humic acids, especially FA in fractions, contain more oxygen functional groups. In this experiment, on the basis of confirming the action of humic acids on KBD, what was studied is the biological effects of one of main oxygen functional groups, hydroxy group (-OH). The results indicate that inducing pathologic process of KBD, obviously decrease the GSH-Px activity and induce peroxidation membrane injury of tissue. The SOD activity increase in the tissues caused by oxygen functional groups showed that enhancing of free radical reaction should not be neglected.     

SO2污染的次生作用--促进粘虫的生长

将3龄幼虫接种在暴露于低浓度SO_2的小麦植株上自由取食12d,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响;对照组小麦用经过活性炭过滤的空气处理。结果表明,随着SO_2浓度升高,幼虫历期逐渐缩短,幼虫期的平均相对生长速率依次增大。用人工饲料进行的类似试验结果,排除了SO_2污染直接促进粘虫生长的可能性。根据对食料植物水解氨基酸含量的测定结果,可以假设在非污染条件下生长的麦叶中,蛋氨酸和精氨酸含量偏低使粘虫处于亚最适生长状态,SO_2污染增加了食料中这两种限制性氨基酸的浓度,导致幼虫转入最佳生长状态。     

Association between serum levels of TSH and free T4 and per-and polyfluoroalkyl compounds concentrations in pregnant women

Many per-and polyfluoralkyl substances(PFASs) may disrupt maternal thyroid hormone homeostasis in pregnancy. Concerns should be raised regarding the PFASs exposure in pregnant women because thyroid hormones are involved in the early development of the fetus. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 13 PFASs, including five novel shortchain PFASs, in serum from 123 pregnant women in Beijing, China. Linear regression models were used to investigate the association between thyroid-stimulati...     

Assessment of sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of lead-polluted soil and production of seed oil and seed meal for human and animal consumption

Phytoremediation is a valuable technology for mitigating soil contamination in agricultural lands, but phytoremediation without economic revenue is unfeasible for land owners and farmers. The use of crops with high biomass and bioenergy for phytoremediation is a unique strategy to derive supplementary benefits along with remediation activities. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a high-biomass crop that can be used for the phytoremediation of polluted lands with additional advantages (biomass and oil). In this study, 40 germplasms of sunflower were screened in field conditions for phytoremediation with the possibility for oil and meal production. The study was carried out to the physiological maturity stage. All studied germplasms mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb, with maximum amounts in shoot?>?root?>?seed respectively. The phytoextraction efficiency of the germplasm was assessed in terms of the Transfer factor (TF), Metal removal efficiency (MRE) and Metal extraction ratio (MER). Among all assessed criteria, GP.8585 was found to be most appropriate for restoring moderately Pb-contaminated soil accompanied with providing high biomass and high yield production. The Pb content in the oil of GP.8585 was below the Food safety standard of China, with 59.5% oleic acid and 32.1% linoleic acid. Moreover, amino acid analysis in meal illustrated significant differences among essential and non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid was found in the highest percentage (22.4%), whereas cysteine in the lowest percentage (1.3%). Therefore, its efficient phytoextraction ability and good quality edible oil and meal production makes GP.8585 the most convenient sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of moderately Pb-contaminated soil, with fringe benefits to farmers and landowners.     

季节性冻融对扎龙湿地土壤微生物群落结构和胞外酶活性的影响

选取扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法和微孔板法研究了季节性冻融期土壤微生物群落结构和胞外酶活性的动态变化规律.结果表明,微生物总磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）含量和细菌PLFA含量均呈先降低后升高趋势,而真菌PLFA含量呈先升高后降低趋势.冻融初期至融冻初期,β-葡萄糖苷酶显著降低了71.84%,β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶表现为先升高后降低趋势,酸性磷酸酶在融冻初期最高、冻融初期最低,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶峰值均出现在融冻后期.主成分分析表明,季节性冻融显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构.冗余分析发现,土壤含水率与总PLFA、细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶呈显著正相关（p<0.05）;土壤全磷、速效磷、速效氮与真菌和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶呈显著正相关;β-葡萄糖苷酶主要受土壤碳氮比和有机质影响,而土壤微生物与胞外酶活性在不同冻融时期具有显著相关性（p<0.05）.因此,探究全球变化背景下土壤微生物和胞外酶对季节性冻融过程的响应机制,可为深入解析扎龙湿地土壤质量演变特征及湿地生态系统功能的恢复与保护提供科学依据.     

典型旅游城市河流水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物的空间分布及其前体物的转化

全氟烷基酸类化合物(perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)在各环境介质中被普遍检出,对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在风险.为探明旅游型城市不同水体PFAAs污染特征及其前体物对污染的贡献,以典型旅游型城市——日照市为例,基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,结合WAX固相萃取及羟基自由基氧化等方法,系统分析了日照市主要河流水体和污水厂出水中15种PFAAs及其3种前体物的含量水平和空间分布特征,探讨PFAAs前体物的转化潜力及其对污染的贡献.结果表明,在上述水体中15种PFAAs普遍被检出,前体物中只有全氟辛基磺酰胺(perfluorooctane sulfoneamide,FOSA)被检出;在河流水体和污水厂出水中总质量浓度(ΣPFAAs)分别为3. 79~45. 58 ng·L~(-1)和54. 04~105. 64 ng·L~(-1),其中质量浓度较高的污染物是全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS)、全氟己烷磺酸(perfluorohexanesulfonic acid,PFHx S)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoic acid,PFNA).河流水体ΣPFAAs明显低于污水厂出水,河流下游水体高于上游.运用羟基自由基氧化法对样品进行氧化处理后,所有样品PFAAs的质量浓度都明显升高;相对于河流水体,污水厂出水中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(ΣΔPFCAC4~C12)更高,这可能是由于PFAAs前体物在污水处理过程中降解所致.研究成果可为旅游城市新型污染物环境污染防治提供数据支撑和技术借鉴.     

金佛山不同高程岩溶泉初春时期溶解态脂类生物标志物研究

为探究金佛山不同高程的表层岩溶泉入春时期溶解有机质的来源和转化特点,于2017年1、2和4月分别在水房泉(2045 m)和碧潭泉(730 m)进行采样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中脂类生物标志物(溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸)的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,水房泉和碧潭泉溶解态正构烷烃(T-ALK)含量变化范围分别为1546~19314 ng·L~(-1)和1089~12234 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为8036、5553ng·L~(-1);脂肪酸变化范围分别为4163~13048 ng·L~(-1)和5519~10079 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为8039和8421 ng·L~(-1).由于春季气温回升和降水增多,正构烷烃和脂肪酸含量总体均处于上升趋势.同时,基于正构烷烃分子参数CPI、OEP、TAR、L/H发现,溶解态正构烷烃以细菌源为主,高等植物源输入逐月升高,以低海拔处的碧潭泉变化更为显著.溶解态脂肪酸1、2月以细菌源为主,4月以真菌源和高等植物源脂肪酸为主,细菌源比重依然较高,且因不同海拔的生境不同导致碧潭泉的水生生物输入较水房泉更稳定.     

不同基质配比对农村生活垃圾厌氧发酵效率及稳定性的影响

以典型农村生活垃圾餐厨垃圾(Food Waste,FW)与纸类垃圾(Paper Waste,PW)为基质,通过中温(35℃)批次厌氧共发酵试验,探明不同配比的基质在厌氧共发酵4阶段(水解阶段、酸化阶段、乙酸化阶段、产甲烷阶段)的动力学特性,再结合挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acids,VFAs)在系统运行过程中的变化,确定FW与PW的最佳配比。结果表明,水解阶段是纸类垃圾的主要限速步骤,而VFAs积累限制了餐厨垃圾甲烷化进程的提高,且VFAs积累主要以丙酸与丁酸为主。当w(FW)≥35%时,产甲烷速率随VFAs质量浓度增大而线性减小,过高的VFAs质量浓度抑制了产甲烷菌的活性。FW与PW最佳基质配比为35∶65(质量比),在此条件下反应速率最为突出,系统运行高效,VFAs能及时被产甲烷菌利用,无有机酸积累,系统运行平稳。