San copolymer membranes with ion exchangers for Cu(II) removal from synthetic wastewater by electrodialysis

Heterogeneous membranes were obtained by using styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blends with low content of ion-exchanger particles (5 wt.%). The membranes obtained by phase inversion were used for the removal of copper ions from synthetic wastewater solutions by electrodialytic separation. The electrodialysis was conducted in a three cell unit, without electrolyte recirculation. The process, under potentiostatic or galvanostatic control, was followed by pH and conductivity measurements in the solution. The electrodialytic performance, evaluated in terms of extraction removal degree (rd) of copper ions, was better under potentiostatic control then by the galvanostatic one and the highest (over 70%) was attained at 8 V. The membrane efficiency at small ion-exchanger load was explained by the migration of resin particles toward the pores surface during the phase inversion. The prepared membranes were characterized by various techniques i.e. optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis and contact angle measurements.     

水稻秸秆经漆酶预处理后产沼气研究

利用秸秆产沼气是秸秆无害化处理解决环境污染问题的可行手段.本研究针对秸秆特殊结构而导致产沼气少、启动慢、利用率低等问题,采用自培养漆酶预处理水稻秸秆,提高了秸秆产气率及利用率.通过研究发现,当漆酶添加量为40 mL、发酵温度为35℃、预处理7d的条件下,秸秆的产气量最高;同时发现,金属离子的添加对沼气产量有很大影响,其中Cu2添加后产气量提高最多.另外,研究发现预处理天数为24 d的秸秆木质素纤维素降解率最高.     

水和废水中化学需氧量测定方法的改进研究

在水的CODcr测定中,将30 ml回流量确定为常规检测回流量,可节省浓硫酸和硫酸银用量50%;将消解回流时间从120 min缩短为30 min,已满足对地表水和各类废水中CODcr的准确测定,可节省水电费用75%以上,含氯水样中Cl-的掩蔽研究表明:按国标法用10倍Cl-重量的HgSO4 掩蔽Cl-,加标(CODcr =100 mg/L)回收率为110%~120%左右,用30~40倍Cl -重量的HgSO4 掩蔽Cl-,加标回收率为100%左右,对HgSO4 掩蔽Cl-的条件和机理作了适当探讨.另外,采用加入H2 SO4-后加入HgSO4 的方法可减少HgSO4 的耗用量70%以上.     

通过屋顶暴露方法模拟聚碳酸酯微塑料在长江水样的长期老化行为

由于较低的自然老化速率,微塑料在实际水体长期户外暴露过程中老化行为的数据仍较缺乏.通过聚碳酸酯（Polycarbonate,PC）微塑料在长江表层水样的18个月户外暴露试验以揭示自然老化过程对微塑料表面特征及对金属离子(Cr⁶⁺和Co²⁺)吸附行为的重要影响.结果显示,户外暴露改变了PC微塑料的理化性质,包括表面开裂、粒径降低、亲水性和熔点增加以及表面氧化（产生羰基和羟基）.同时,户外老化过程明显影响微塑料对金属离子的吸附行为.原始和低老化程度PC对金属离子的吸附主要通过物理作用控制,而高老化程度微塑料由于产生含氧功能团对金属离子的吸附主要由化学过程如络合和共价键等作用控制.并且,不同老化程度PC微塑料对Cr⁶⁺和Co²⁺的吸附性能不同.对于Cr⁶⁺,PC的吸附性能随其老化程度增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,然而对于Co²⁺,平衡吸附性能随老化程度增加呈增加的趋势.户外老化过程产生含氧官能团、破碎和开裂以及生物膜可能是影响吸附性能的主要因素.本研究证实了长期户外...     

甘肃南部典型城镇PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征分析

为研究甘肃南部城镇PM_2.5及水溶性离子（WSIIs）浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM_2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明：采样期间甘肃成县PM_2.5年平均质量浓度为（57.2±26.9） μg·m^-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺>NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺> K⁺>Cl^->Mg²⁺的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM_2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM_2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM_2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等.     

民用煤排放PM2.5中碳组分与水溶性离子特征

研究4种典型民用煤燃烧排放PM_2.5中的碳组分以及水溶性离子含量特点,并通过PAM-OFR(潜在气溶胶质量-氧化流动反应器)模拟了大气老化过程(2d)对煤球与烟煤燃烧PM_2.5中碳组分与水溶性离子含量的变化影响。结果表明,烟煤燃放PM_2.5中碳组分含量最高,达到57.96%,其EC含量是其他煤种的4.3~9.6倍。民用煤燃烧产生PM_2.5中水溶性离子以Na⁺与SO₄^2-为主,其在总水溶性离子中占比合计约47%~76%。经历了大气老化试验后,煤球与烟煤燃烧排放PM_2.5中NH₄⁺和NO₃^-离子含量大幅增加,与之相比,TC占PM_2.5比例分别下降了12.03%与19.99%。     

Year-round observation of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and reduction mechanism

To investigate particle characteristics and find an effective measure to control severe particle pollution, year-round observation of size-segregated inorganic aerosols was conducted in Beijing from January to December, 2016. The sampled atmospheric particles all presented bimodal size distribution at four pollution levels (clear, slight pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution), and peak values appeared at the size range of 0.7-2.1 μm and >9.0 μm, respectively. As dominant particle compositions, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺ in four pollution levels all showed significant peaks in fine mode, especially at the size range of 1.1-2.1 μm. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 67.6% (36.3% (secondary sulfates) + 31.3% (secondary nitrates)) of the total sources of fine particles in urban Beijing. Severe pollution of fine particles was mainly caused by the air masses transported from nearby western and southern areas, which are industrial and densely populated region, respectively. Sensitivity tests further revealed that the control measures focusing on ammonium emission reduction was the most effective for particle pollution mitigation, and fine particles all showed nonlinear responses after reducing ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations, with the fitting curves of y = -120.8x - 306.1x² + 290.2x³, y = -43.5x - 67.8x², and y = -25.8x - 110.4x² + 7.6x³, respectively (y and x present fine particle mass variation (μg/m³) and concentration reduction ratio (CRR)/100 (dimensionless)). Overall, our study presents useful information for understanding the characteristics of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing, as well as offers policy makers with effective measure for mitigating particle pollution.     

The Chemistry of Throughfall, Stemflow and Soil Water Beneath Oak Woodland and Moorland Vegetation in Upland Wales

The chemistry of bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil waters beneath an oak wood (Quercus petraea) canopy and soil waters under moorland vegetation were measured at two sites on acid brown podzolic soils near Llyn Brianne in rural mid-Wales, UK. Between March 1986 and November 1988, precipitation was 4354 mm and annual interception losses from the oak canopy averaged 13% of incident precipitation. Throughfall and stemflow were more acid and concentrations of most solutes were increased 2- to 4-fold compared with bulk precipitation. Nitrate was the only solute retained within the tree canopy. Throughfall collected beneath patches of bracken on the forest floor was less acidic but contained substantially higher concentrations of major ions than bulk precipitation and oak throughfall. the moorland soil was more acidic, contained more exchangeable calcium but less exchangeable aluminium and potassium than the woodland soil. Soil waters beneath both vegetation types were acidic (mean pH range 4.5-4.9) and dominated by sodium and chloride. with the exception of calcium, soil water solute concentrations were greater beneath oak. These differences are ascribed to larger atmospheric inputs beneath the oak canopy compared with the shorter grasses, combined with the effect of differences in nutrient dynamics and water fluxes. Variations in soil water aluminium chemistry are explained in terms of ion exchange and podzolisa-tion processes. the water quality implications of increased upland afforestation of moorland by broadleaved trees are discussed.     

重金属离子与依诺沙星相互作用的荧光光谱法研究

荧光分析法是利用物质的荧光性质对物质进行分析的方法,文章应用荧光法研究了不同温度下重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+及Mn2+与喹诺酮类药物依诺沙星(ENX)的相互作用。结果表明:Cu2+、Pb2+及Mn2+对ENX内源荧光的猝灭机制属于形成复合物所引起的静态猝灭,利用Stern-Volmer关系式计算了ENX与重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+及Mn2+之间的猝灭常数KSV及结合位点数,根据热力学参数(自由能变ΔG、焓变ΔH、熵变ΔS)确定了ENX与重金属离子之间的主要作用力类型为静电作用力。该研究为探讨环境中重金属离子与ENX的作用机理和环境效应提供了理论依据。     

藏南羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征

2010年7月对藏南羊卓雍错流域进行了水样采集,通过测定与分析,揭示了流域最大湖泊羊卓雍错表层湖水化学水平分布特征和深水剖面变化规律,并探讨了该湖与流域其他水体化学性质的差异。结果表明:流域特殊的高寒气候、湖泊形状与补给来源、湖岸水系发育程度不同是造成羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征明显的关键。在水平方向上,湖水HCO3-、Ca2+以及矿化度南高北低,而SO42-和Mg2+南低北高。这是由于湖水从南向北缓慢流动过程中蒸发浓缩所致;卡鲁雄曲径流量经空姆错补给羊卓雍错北部,使其矿化度较低。在垂直方向上,愈向湖泊深处,湖水SO42-、Cl-、CO32-和矿化度愈大,HCO3-则降低。与流域其他湖泊相比,羊卓雍错水化学性质与同属以降水补给为主的湖泊相近,与以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊差异显著。与河水和地下水相比,羊卓雍错湖水SO42-和Mg2+当量浓度最大,河水和地下水则HCO3-和Ca2+含量较大。