浅谈环境监测中的科技创新和人才建设

介绍了环境监测中科技创新的应用,包括现代化监测设备的发展和监测新技术新方法的研究开发;对如何建立和完善高素质的监测人才体系进行了分析探讨。     

Heavy Metal Toxicity Responses of Two Willow (Salix) Varieties Grown Hydroponically: Development of a Tolerance Screening Test

The E.U. funded BIORENEW project is investigating bioremediation of industrially degraded land using biomass fuel crops, including willow. One of its goals is to develop a rapid screening test to assess the metal tolerance of large numbers of willow varieties. This should reflect how a plant will respond to heavy metals under various field conditions and in the long term. A preliminary experiment tested two varieties of contrasting ability to thrive in metal-contaminated soils. Trees were exposed to a metal cocktail in three different strengths of background solution. An appropriate strength solution (1/4 strength Hoaglands) was identified for differentiating variety performance, based on its effect on the biomass of plant fractions relative to control fractions. This is a response to heavy metals which can be quantified rapidly and simply. The relative performance of the varieties was comparable to their performance in field studies. This test will be used to assess the tolerance of further varieties.     

菜园土壤的理化性质和微生物生态特征与种植年限的关系

为了研究菜园土壤生态系统的演化，在广州白云区采集共计64个不同种植年限的菜园土壤样本。对土壤丰要物理化学性质和土壤微生物生态特征进行分析，结果表明：土壤粘粒和微网粒含量、土壤全磷、全钾的含量随菜园土的种植年限而增加；呼吸商则随年限升高，土壤细菌／真菌、放线菌／真菌亦有升高的趋势，而微生物碳氮比、土壤微生物商、微生物氮／全氮随年限降低；种植10a左右菜园土壤的Shannon多样性指数和AWCD值最低，40a土壤最高，80a以上土壤的微生物多样性指标有所降低，表明种植80a后的老菜园土壤微生物生态系统有退化的迹象。     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

贵州喀斯特山区不同种植年限花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构特征研究

以贵州花江峡谷花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeamun)林为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析种植5、10、20、30 a花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性特征,探讨不同种植年限花椒土壤理化因子对根际细菌群落分布的影响,为喀斯特石漠化地区花椒农业可持续发展提供有效的理论依据.结果表明,随着花椒种植...     

Conflicting perspectives of forest management in Bastar, Central India

This article enters the debate on shifting cultivation and tropical forests, and the role of the State forest departments in managing these regions. The article focuses on the adivasi (indigenous) people and their use of forests in the Bastar region of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. It examines the different landscapes, resulting from human interaction, in order to observe the vegetative changes and progressions in their characteristics; in particular, the author challenges the view that adivasi forest use has been detrimental to the ecology of the forest. A botanical comparison is made between three sites that allow us to note specific characteristics of a fallow, a secondary forest and a primary sal (Shorea robusta) forest. The wider aspects of the adivasi manner of forest use are also discussed.
A major portion of the Bastar region is legally under the authority of the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department. However, the official policies and laws, pertaining to the conservation of forests and the generation of revenue, are often insensitive to the adivasi perceptions and use of the various vegetative zones within the forest. The effect of a standardised form of demarcation, coupled with the State legislation, has overlooked the adivasi people's needs and their ecologically sound way of relating to the forest. The paper concludes with a few recommendations.     

负荷交替法快速培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥的研究

在3个SBR(R1、R2、R3)中分别培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥,R1和R2分别采用进水氮负荷交替变化和进水碳氮负荷同步交替变化这2种新的培养方式,R3采用传统的逐步提高氮负荷法.对R1、R2和R3培养得到的硝化颗粒污泥在物理性状、污染物去除效能等方面进行对比分析.结果表明,R1和R2的培养方式明显缩短了培养时间,70 d左右成功培养出完全意义上的硝化颗粒(硝化菌的活性超过异养菌的活性),而R3需147 d.采用进水碳氮负荷同步交替变化法快速培养出的颗粒外形更规则、硝化菌活性更高、脱氮性能更优,稳定运行时氨氮和总氮去除率分别为95%和70%左右,在理化性状和脱氮性能上明显优于其他2种.对比发现,在硝化颗粒污泥培养初期,适当提高进水有机负荷,能加快颗粒的形成及生长.     

河北省藁城市蔬菜种植区化肥施用与地下水硝酸盐污染研究

通过农户问卷调查和地下水田间取样分析 ,主要对河北省藁城市蔬菜种植区的化肥施用与地下水硝酸盐污染现状进行了研究。结果表明 :2 0 0 1年藁城市蔬菜种植区化肥施用纯量为 1 4 0 8.6kg·hm-2 ,其中氮肥施用纯量为 84 0 .8kg·hm-2 ;藁城市各蔬菜种植模式下氮肥施用量由高到低的顺序依次为大棚 >温室 >中棚 >小棚 >地膜 >露地 ;温室、中棚和露地蔬菜区地下水硝酸盐含量最高值出现在 8月 ,而地膜蔬菜区则在 1 1月 ;各蔬菜种植模式对地下水影响的大小顺序为地膜 >中棚 >温室 >露地 ,影响因素主要有密集度、种植模式、种植年限、氮肥施用量和土壤质地等。     

Forests in the time of peace

ABSTRACT

The signing of Colombia’s peace agreement in 2016 signaled the end of a decades-long war between the government and the FARC (Las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), but also an emerging assault against the country’s forests. This article aims to understand the interactions between forests and peace. In doing so, it traces landscape transformations of deforestation and possibilities for making landscapes livable in the midst of disturbance. Drawing on field research, including interviews and participant observation carried out in Colombia from 2016 to 2018, it reveals how deforestation is driven by ongoing colonization and land grabbing, mostly dedicated to extensive cattle ranching, coca cultivation, and campesinos’ transition to ‘licit’ agricultural alternatives. The article also shows how emerging coordination among farmers and forests following forest disturbance contributes to an interpretation of peace in which forests are integral. The article concludes with a call to incorporate forests in the construction of peace.     

老南瓜种植品种、栽培模式和技术要点

老南瓜含有丰富的胡萝卜素、维C、多糖和一定的食疗价值,也可加工成多种南瓜产品,近年来越来越深受消费者喜爱,目前国内种植最为普遍的老南瓜品种主要是中国类型老南瓜,本文现将主要介绍我国老南瓜种植品种、栽培模式和技术要点.