热轧工作辊失效原因分析

主要分析了热轧过程温度及轧制力对工作辊寿命的影响.指出提高工作辊使用寿命的几种措施.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Spatial disaggregation of traffic emission inventories in large cities using simplified top–down methods

Simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for assessing the spatial distribution of traffic emissions are badly needed for the environmental management in South American cities. In this study, various spatial disaggregation methods of traffic emissions of carbon monoxide are presented and evaluated for a large city (Santiago de Chile). Previous methods have used a simplified road network as a proxy for deriving spatial patterns of emissions. However, these approaches resulted in underestimation of emissions in urban centers, industrial zones and highly loaded roads, as well as overestimation in residential zones. Here we modify these methods by adding data correlated with the emissions (e.g. traffic counts, vehicles mean speed, road capacity) solving partially or completely the indicated problems. After an accuracy-simplicity analysis two methodologies stand out over the others: using traffic count classification and using a land use map, both combined with a simplified road network. Both are top–down approaches that correlate well (0.9) with the reference emissions and capture emission peaks (within 30% relative error). Hence the proposed changes allow an improved balance between accuracy and costs (monetary, availability of data and time to obtain data).     

乙醇法测定浮游植物叶绿素a含量的讨论

采用热乙醇法以及乙醇冷冻提取法测定浮游植物叶绿素a含量,以比较两种方法的效果.实验结果表明,两种方法的测定值之间有较好的线性相关关系.热乙醇法快速高效,可以替代国内使用较多的乙醇冷冻提取法.     

息烽温泉生态旅游发展模式研究

温泉生态旅游是未来温泉旅游的发展方向。温泉生态旅游非常适合在温泉资源丰富而生态环境较脆弱的喀斯特地区开展。基于对贵州省息烽温泉资源开发利用现状的调查,对息烽温泉生态旅游的发展思路、开发模式和运行机制进行了初步研究,希望能为该区域发展温泉生态旅游提供决策参考。     

碳中和的缘起、实现路径与关键科学问题：气候变化与可持续城市化

碳中和是我国应对气候变化的新目标,提出以来引起国内外广泛关注。碳中和目标实现是一个复杂系统科学问题,涉及大气圈、岩石圈、水圈、生物圈、人类圈等多圈层耦合过程与作用机制,需要跨学科交叉、综合与协同研究。简要梳理碳中和提出的气候变化和温控目标缘起,归纳碳中和实现的碳源、碳汇的多元路径,强调从碳源的需求侧推动可持续城市化对于碳中和目标实现的重要作用,并且可能是成本低、潜力大、更直接有效的方案途径。提出适应与减缓气候变化下碳中和与可持续城市化研究领域8个方面的科学问题：气候变化—碳中和—可持续城市化关联关系、中国及各地区碳中和实现的路线图与时间表、城市区域尺度碳排放的精准核算、绿色生活方式与低碳社会、绿色生产方式与低碳经济、能源结构优化、风险与不确定性和碳中和长效机制的治理创新等,以及该领域当前研究面临的机遇和挑战。     

Effect of bubble generation on hot zone formation in tank fires

Boilover is a phenomenon that both stakeholders and fire-fighters in the petrochemical industry try to avoid. This phenomenon results in an explosion of liquid hydrocarbon materials (e.g., crude oil) due to prolonged oil tank fires. The elevated temperature provides energy to vaporize the water sub-layer, which commonly resides at bottom of storage tanks, leading to tremendous fire enlargement as fuel tends to spill over around the tank. Boilover follows the formation of an isothermal layer called ‘hot zone’, and is typically accompanied by continuing bubble appearance in the hot zone. Previous studies have suggested that bubble generation could be a driving force for boilover, as it accelerates heat mixing. However, the effect of bubble generation on the mechanism of hot zone formation has not yet been systematically studied. This work investigates the effect of bubble formation on hot zone formation by installing a metal mesh in a burning fuel container. The size of the mesh grid and the position of the mesh are varied to generate bubbles with different volumes from different depths from the fuel surface. Experimental results demonstrate that the metal mesh definitely increases the volume of bubbles, and significantly reduces the time to form a hot zone. The mesh with small grids generates more bubbles than that with large grids. Additionally, bubbles start to generate earlier when the mesh is fixed nearer the fuel surface. Experimental results provide direct evidence of the bubble effect on hot zone formation.     

Contribution of (222)Rn-bearing water to indoor radon and indoor air quality assessment in hot spring hotels of Guangdong, China

This study investigates the contribution of radon (²²²Rn)-bearing water to indoor ²²²Rn in thermal baths. The ²²²Rn concentrations in air were monitored in the bathroom and the bedroom. Particulate matter (PM, both PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were also monitored with portable analyzers. The bathrooms were supplied with hot spring water containing 66-260 kBq m⁻³ of ²²²Rn. The results show that the spray of hot spring water from the bath spouts is the dominant mechanism by which ²²²Rn is released into the air of the bathroom, and then it diffuses into the bedroom. Average ²²²Rn level was 110-410% higher in the bedrooms and 510-1200% higher in the bathrooms compared to the corresponding average levels when there was no use of hot spring water. The indoor ²²²Rn levels were influenced by the ²²²Rn concentrations in the hot spring water and the bathing times. The average ²²²Rn transfer coefficients from water to air were 6.2 × 10⁻⁴-4.1 × 10⁻³. The 24-h average levels of CO₂ and PM₁₀ in the hotel rooms were 89% and 22% higher than the present Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) standard of China. The main particle pollutant in the hotel rooms was PM_2.5. Radon and PM₁₀ levels in some hotel rooms were at much higher concentrations than guideline levels, and thus the potential health risks to tourists and especially to the hotel workers should be of great concern, and measures should be taken to lower inhalation exposure to these air pollutants.     

Investigation of gas purging process in pipeline by numerical method

Gas purging processes in pipeline safety maintenance were studied using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. A new model (model 1) closer to actual working conditions and another two-side injection model were investigated. The simulation results showed that the relative purging efficiency of model 1 decreases compared to the ideal model (model 0), and two-sided injection model increases the efficiency relative to the single sided purging model. In addition, the models with different intake methods, outlet positions, outlet sizes and outlet pressures were simulated. If the outlet is opened after delaying some time, purging efficiency is improved. Furthermore if “relay purging” method is adopted, the efficiency is increased by 18% with two gas inlets and by 11% with a single inlet. The outlet position affects the average velocity in the last purging time. If the outlet diameter is equal or larger than that of the inlet, the purging efficiency is much higher.     

Theoretical analysis and experimental study on critical conditions of backdraft

Backdraft is one of the most special behaviors of enclosure fires which has strong characteristics of concealment and suddenness. Once backdraft occurs in an enclosure, the fire will quickly engulf the entire enclosure and create a huge extrusive fireball out of the openings. In such circumstance, it is very difficult for people inside to evacuate and firefighters to enter to perform rescue. That’s why backdraft usually leads to serious consequences in both industrial and civil building fires. Experimental investigations on backdraft in enclosure fires caused by solid fuels have been carried out in the study, and the backdraft phenomenon has been reproduced in the small-scale enclosure fire tests. Based on the theories of heat transfer and fire dynamics, the theoretical model of conditions that backdraft occurs in enclosure fires has been established and the critical condition expressions have been deduced. Combining the results of theoretical analyses with those of experimental studies, a new backdraft criterion expressed by β, which is the ration between the combustible gas volume fraction and the lower explosive limit of the mixture, has been put forward.