北九州产业废物的处理

在日本,基于“有关废物处理和清理的法律”制定了废物分类、处理责任和处理基准等。北九州市是以重化学工业为中业发展起来的城市,由于其工业活动产生了大量的各种工业废物。因此北九州市制定了“工业废物处理计划”,有计划地综合性地对工业废物实施处理、资源化、减量化。为了今后全球范围的环境保护,工业废物的再利用、再资源化有待于进一步提高。现在,北九州市正围绕着这个课题进行着研究。      

电源软线弯曲试验分析

弯曲试验是在家用电器安全检验中一个基本的测试项目,本文主要从试验角度分析弯曲试验要求和不合格的主要原因.     

Rural Households’ Attitude and Economic Strategies Toward the Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program (CCFG): A Case Study in Qira,China

The Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program (CCFG), which was initiated by the Chinese government in 1999, is a cropland retirement program with integrated objectives for ecological preservation and local development. The purpose of this article was to study the influencing factors of attitude and economic strategies in rural households toward the CCFG. Rural households’ knowledge, attitude and economic strategies toward the CCFG were investigated through a questionnaire survey in Qira, China. Influencing factors of attitude and strategies of households were analyzed using a logit model technique. The analysis indicated that household’s income level, environmental knowledge of the program, and program implementation were significant influencing factors in a household’s attitude toward the CCFG, while major influencing factors of household strategies were their regional background and availability of income generation sources. Meaningful association was not found between attitude and strategy choices. Rich households had more strategy choices, while poor households were usually confined to low input strategies with uncertain income. To sustain their livelihood, the poor need extra assistances in marketing, loan granting, employment training, information, and technical services.     

Quantification of emission reduction potentials of primary air pollutants from residential solid fuel combustion by adopting cleaner fuels in China

Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide(CO), total suspended particles(TSPs), PM2.5, organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels(i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas) would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.     

不同质量比的膨松剂对家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥的影响

为解决家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥反应中含水率高、含有机质多等问题,选择秸秆作为膨松剂对家庭生物有机垃圾进行堆肥处理,重点研究添加不同质量比的膨松剂对堆肥反应中堆体温度、含水率、有机质、pH、电导率及堆料质量减少率等评估堆肥质量参数变化的影响.结果表明,添加质量分数为5%、10%及20%的膨松剂的堆肥反应在第2天堆体温度超过55℃,并持续3 d以上,而添加质量分数为30%的膨松剂堆肥由于其含水率较低(约55%)在整个堆肥反应中堆体温度都低于55℃;堆肥1周内,有机质及含水率下降显著;添加20%膨松剂堆肥的堆料质量减少率最为明显,达39.6%;堆肥反应中,pH在5.5～8.5,在腐熟期pH趋于稳定,呈弱碱性;电导率随堆肥进行呈上升趋势,4种不同质量比膨松剂堆肥产品的电导率均位于1.88～1.96 mS/cm,可以安全使用.     

东莞市低碳路径下加速电气化对CO2和污染物协同减排影响

城市是能源消耗的中心，电气化可以整合城市能源结构，实现清洁能源高效利用，探究城市低碳路径下加速电气化的协同减排影响对实现城市减污降碳至关重要.基于长期能源替代规划模型(LEAP-DG),设置了基准情景、低碳情景和加速电气化情景等3类情景，评估电气化措施在不同电力结构下的减排潜力，量化重点部门的措施贡献，探讨广东省典型制造业城市东莞的协同减排效果.结果表明，电力结构优化促进了电气化措施的协同减排效果，低碳路径下加速电气化将进一步降低电力污染物排放强度，2050年，东莞市CO₂、 NO_x、 VOC和CO减排7.35×10⁶、 1.28×10⁴、 1.62×10⁴和8.13×10⁴ t, SO₂和PM_2.5消费侧减排量和生产侧增排量达到平衡.电气化渗透速率和电力结构优化协调发展是电气化措施实现减排效益的关键，工业和交通部门加速电气化将同时降低CO₂和大气污染物排放，交通部门得益于燃油车和电动车的高...     

Determining the socially optimal recycling rate

What municipal recycling rate is socially optimal? One credible answer would consider the recycling rate that minimizes the overall social costs of managing municipal waste. Such social costs are comprised of all budgetary costs and revenues associated with operating municipal waste and recycling programs, all costs to recycling households associated with preparing and storing recyclable materials for collection, all external disposal costs associated with waste disposed at landfills or incinerators, and all external benefits associated with the provision of recycled materials that foster environmentally efficient production processes. This paper discusses how to estimate these four components of social cost to then estimate the optimal recycling rate.     

Quantification of potable water savings by residential water conservation and reuse - A case study

To demonstrate the benefits of water conservation at the household level in regional Victoria in Australia, a family house “Sharland Oasis” was designed and built according to an ecologically sustainable design for improved water and energy efficiency. This study has demonstrated that the combined use of alternative water supplies together with water efficient appliances can save up to 77% of total potable water use compared to the average 1990s household water use in the same region considering the location and differing in water use approach. The use of rainwater inside the home alone saved up to 40% of potable water use. In addition to the water savings, there is a significant wastewater discharge saving achieved through the use of water conservation strategies and greywater reuse. A community survey undertaken in regional Victoria revealed that community receptivity for reusing greywater is highest for uses, such as watering gardens and flushing toilets; but it progressively decreased with increasing personal contact with greywater. Positive perception of greywater reuse needs to be encouraged through programs targeted at developing resources, skills and motivation for new water reuse practices and technologies, across a diverse range of social groups.     

喜鹊筑巢行为对我国电气化铁路运输安全影响的调查研究——以朔黄铁路为例

喜鹊的筑巢与繁殖给铁路运输安全带来了巨大隐患.以朔黄铁路为例,介绍了目前喜鹊筑巢行为的治理方法,并进行了优劣对比,提出了"引导与驱鸟结合"的双重治理措施,以及研发适合电气化铁路的新型数码超声波驱鸟器的方案.