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121.
自然环境的优劣,会直接影响人体的健康。在良好的环境中,人们所依赖的物质是不受污染的,自然环境的物质中所含微量元素和微量元素对维持人类生命、保护人体健康起到了一定的基础作用。 相似文献
122.
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124.
A.R. Melwani S.N. Bezalel J.A. Hunt J.L. Grenier G. Ichikawa W. Heim A. Bonnema C. Foe D.G. Slotton J.A. Davis 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3137-3149
A three-year study was conducted to examine mercury in sport fish from the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. More than 4000 fish from 31 species were collected and analyzed for total mercury in individual muscle filets. Largemouth bass and striped bass were the most contaminated, averaging 0.40 μg/g, while redear sunfish, bluegill and rainbow trout exhibited the lowest (<0.15 μg/g) concentrations. Spatial variation in mercury was evaluated with an analysis of covariance model, which accounted for variability due to fish size and regional hydrology. Significant regional differences in mercury were apparent in size-standardized largemouth bass, with concentrations on the Cosumnes and Mokelumne rivers significantly higher than the central and western Delta. Significant prey–predator mercury correlations were also apparent, which may explain a significant proportion of the spatial variation in the watershed. 相似文献
125.
Tetsuro Agusa Takashi Kunito Pham Thi Kim Trang Pham Hung Viet 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):396-403
This study investigated the status of arsenic (As) exposure from groundwater and rice, and its methylation capacity in residents from the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Arsenic levels in groundwater ranged from <1.8 to 486 μg/L. Remarkably, 86% of groundwater samples exceeded WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L. Also, estimated inorganic As intake from groundwater and rice were over Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (15 μg/week/kg body wt.) by FAO/WHO for 92% of the residents examined. Inorganic As and its metabolite (monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) concentrations in human urine were positively correlated with estimated inorganic As intake. These results suggest that residents in these areas are exposed to As through consumption of groundwater and rice, and potential health risk of As is of great concern for these people. Urinary concentration ratios of dimethylarsinic acid to monomethylarsonic acid in children were higher than those in adults, especially among men, indicating greater As methylation capacity in children. 相似文献
126.
Carmen Martínez-Valenzuela Sandra Gmez-Arroyo Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini Stefan Waliszewski María Elena Caldern-Segura Rubn Flix-Gastlum Armando lvarez-Torres 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1155-1159
Genotoxic damage was evaluated in 70 agricultural workers, 25 women and 45 men, exposed to pesticides in Las Grullas, Ahome, Sinaloa, Mexico, with an average of 7 years of exposure. The effect was detected through the sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in lymphocytes of peripheral blood and micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear anomalies (NA) in buccal exfoliated cells. Also, the influence on cellular proliferation kinetics (CPK) was studied by means of the replication index (RI) and the cytotoxic effect was examined with the mitotic index (MI). The non-exposed group consisted of 70 other persons, 21 women and 47 men from the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. Significant differences between the exposed and the non-exposed groups were observed in SCE, CPK, MI, MN and NA. Analysis of variance revealed that age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption did not have a significant effect on genetic damage. However, there was a correlation between exposure time to pesticides and SCE frequency. These results could have been due to the exposure of workers to pesticides containing different chemical compounds. This study afforded valuable data to estimate the possible risk to health associated with pesticide exposure. 相似文献
127.
Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g−1 lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g−1 lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects. 相似文献
128.
Pawel Bienkowski 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(2):130-134
This article presents methods and results of interlaboratory comparison in the electromagnetic field (EMF) survey measurements
performed by Electromagnetic Environment Protection Laboratory. Based on the results, the author analyzed factors affecting
the precision of EMF measurements, in particular—difficult to estimate—the “human factor”. In practice, the human factor has
never been taken into account in the EMF measurements accuracy estimations budget, and the author estimate the importance
of this factor that may include even up to half of the total uncertainty of measurements. Taking into account all factors
depredating the accuracy of measurements, the uncertainty of the survey EMF measurements was estimated at the level of 2–4 dB. 相似文献
129.
Linking Theory and Practice for Restoration of Step-Pool Streams 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chin A Anderson S Collison A Ellis-Sugai BJ Haltiner JP Hogervorst JB Kondolf GM O'Hirok LS Purcell AH Riley AL Wohl E 《Environmental management》2009,43(4):645-661
Step-pools sequences are increasingly used to restore stream channels. This increase corresponds to significant advances in
theory for step-pools in recent years. The need for step-pools in stream restoration arises as urban development encroaches
into steep terrain in response to population pressures, as stream channels in lower-gradient areas require stabilization due
to hydrological alterations associated with land-use changes, and as step-pools are recognized for their potential to enhance
stream habitats. Despite an increasingly voluminous literature and great demand for restoration using step-pool sequences,
however, the link between theory and practice is limited. In this article, we present four unique cases of stream restoration
using step-pools, including the evolution of the approaches, the project designs, and adjustments in the system following
restoration. Baxter Creek in El Cerrito, California demonstrates an early application of artificial step-pools in which natural
adjustments occurred toward geomorphic stability and ecological improvement. Restoration of East Alamo Creek in a large residential
development near San Ramon, California illustrates an example of step-pools increasingly used in locations where such a channel
form would not naturally occur. Construction of a step-pool channel in Karnowsky Creek within the Siuslaw National Forest,
Oregon overcame constraints posed by access and the type and availability of materials; the placement of logs allowed natural
scouring below steps. Dry Canyon Creek on the property of the Mountains Restoration Trust in Calabasas, California afforded
a somewhat experimental approach to designing step-pools, allowing observation and learning in the future. These cases demonstrate
how theories and relationships developed for step-pool sequences over the past two decades have been applied in real-world
settings. The lessons from these examples enable us to develop considerations useful for deriving an appropriate course of
design, approval, and construction of artificial step-pool systems. They also raise additional fundamental questions concerning
appropriate strategies for restoration of step-pool streams. Outstanding challenges are highlighted as opportunities for continuing
theoretical work. 相似文献
130.
基于安全等级的地铁车站火灾人员安全疏散方案及其工程应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
地铁火灾安全特别是大型复合地铁车站的火灾安全得到了广泛关注,合理有效的车站人员疏散方案设计是保障地铁车站火灾时人员安全的关键所在.针对地铁车站人员疏散特点,以人员安全疏散准则和现行地铁设计规范为基础,融合了火灾安全工程学的性能化人员疏散设计思路,分别将事故疏散时间和烟控可用安全疏散时间划分为三个等级,综合形成了四类人员疏散安全等级标准,并在此基础上提出了框架性的基于安全等级的地铁车站火灾人员安全疏散方案设计流程.该流程着重采用了自动扶梯反转及列车辅助疏散等措施提高人员的安全性,并结合某大型复合地铁车站的工程案例验证了该疏散方案的可行性.该文的研究工作可为地铁车站人员疏散设计和应急预案制定提供参考. 相似文献