生物反应器填埋场初期的重金属释放行为

以库容10万m³的生物反应器填埋单元1.5年的渗滤液水质监测结果为依据,研究了该填埋单元初期的重金属释放行为.结果表明,渗滤液低pH值和高溶解性有机物(DOM)含量使渗滤液中的重金属浓度超过标准限值;但随着填埋层进入稳定产甲烷化阶段,重金属浓度显著下降,渗滤液中的腐殖质是影响此阶段重金属迁移的重要媒介.渗滤液中悬浮性固体、DOM分子量分级测试和VisualMinteq模型模拟计算结果表明,渗滤液中的重金属主要以与有机物,特别是以与腐殖质结合的形态存在.预测填埋单元内重金属的溶出过程可持续数百年.     

全球地表水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物污染特征演替

综述了全氟和多氟烷基化合物（PFASs）在国内外地表水环境中的空间分布及污染特征,总结归纳了PFASs的来源和特征变化趋势。针对地表水中PFASs的监测种类、监测技术及风险评估等方面存在的问题,提出未来需加强日常监测,重点加强对水环境中新型PFASs的关注;针对流域中不同种类PFASs建立高特异性、高灵敏度监测新技术;筛选适合的水生生物作为环境污染指示物以应用于新污染物的评估等建议。为今后我国地表水环境 PFASs污染的现状调查及治理工作提供确实可行的科学参考。     

原子力显微镜在环境样品研究与表征中的应用与展望

简要阐述了原子力显微镜仪器操作原理及最新成像技术发展情况;结合作者近期的研究工作,从环境微生物界面观察与表征、腐殖酸在微界面上的聚集行为观测、无机高分子絮凝剂的界面形貌及行为观察以及膜材料表面结构观测与表征等4个方面对原子力显微镜在环境领域内的应用情况作了概括介绍．最后,对原子力显微镜在环境微界面研究与表征中的应用前景进行了展望。     

泽泻(Alisma orientale)对全氟化合物的吸收和传输特征-浓度的影响

为探究泽泻(Alisma orientale)对不同浓度全氟化合物(PFASs)的吸收、积累和传输特征,进行了为期3周的水培实验,全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的暴露浓度分别为0、5、10、50、100、200、500和1 000μg·L~(-1).结果表明:随着PFASs浓度的增加,根系电导率、根茎中Cu含量、茎叶中Ca含量均降低,但泽泻生长状况良好;植物对PFASs的去除量不断增加(0. 87～116. 50μg),去除率却不断降低(20. 1%～2. 9%).根、茎和叶中PFASs的浓度随着PFASs浓度的增加呈线性增加,且符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Michaelis-menten方程,表明泽泻通过被动扩散的方式吸收PFASs.计算PFOA和PFOS的根、茎和蒸腾流富集系数(RCF、SCF、TSCF),并用限制分配模型对RCF和SCF值进行拟合,发现RCF、SCF、TSCF和限制分配模型准平衡分配系数αpt均随着PFASs浓度的增加而降低,这是由于随着PFASs浓度的增加,达到平衡所需要的水分量增加,达到平衡的时间也变长.     

Effect of some heavy metals and soil humic substances on the phytochelatin production in wild plants from silver mine areas of Guanajuato, Mexico

Phytochelatins (PCs) were determined in the wild plants, focusing on their relationship with the levels of heavy metals and humic substances (HS) in soil. Ricinus communis and Tithonia diversifolia were collected from several sites in Guanajuato city (Mexico), which had long been the silver and gold mining center. The analysis of PCs in root extracts was carried out by liquid chromatography (derivatization with monobromobimane). Total Ag, Cd, Cu and Pb in plant roots and in soil samples, as well as soil HS were determined. The association of metals with HS in soils was evaluated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with UV and ICP-MS detection. The results obtained revealed the induction of PCs in R. communis but not in T. diversifolia. The levels of Cd and Pb in plant roots presented strong positive correlation with PC-2 (r = 0.9395, p = 0.005; r = 0.9573, p = 0.003, respectively), indicating that these two metals promote PCs induction in R. communis. On the other hand, the inverse correlation was found between soil HS and metal levels in roots of R. communis (Cu > Pb > Cd > Ag), in agreement with the decreasing affinity of these metals to HS. Importantly, the inverse correlation between soil HS and plant PC-2 was observed (r = −0.7825, p = 0.066). These results suggest that metals strongly bound to HS could be less bioavailable to plants, which in turn would limit their role in the induction of PCs. Indeed, the SEC elution profiles showed Pb but not Cd association with HS and the correlation between metal in soil and PC-2 in plant was statistically significant only for Cd (r = 0.7857, p = 0.064). Based on these results it is proposed that the role of heavy metals in PCs induction would depend on their uptake by R. communis, which apparently is controlled by the association of metals with soil HS. This work provides further evidence on the role of environmental conditions in the accumulation of heavy metals and phytochelatin production in plants.     

Humic substances

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details.     

酸去除剩余活性污泥重金属效果及农用安全性

污水处理厂剩余污泥中的重金属是污泥农用的潜在危害之一,因此如何有效去除污泥中的重金属以保证其农用安全性是当前迫切需要解决的问题。采集污水处理厂二沉池的活性污泥,比较不同物质的量比的盐酸和硝酸(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)浸取污泥中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu和Mn的效果,采用Tessier连续提取方法定时检测污泥重金属相态分布,分析混合酸对污泥EPS结构和质量比的影响,并检验了处理后污泥对菠菜生长及重金属富集的影响。结果表明:1)盐酸/硝酸物质的量比为2∶1时效果最佳,重金属浸出率从高到低依次为Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cu;2) Pb的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态比例最高,Cu的残渣态比例最大,可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和FeMn氧化物结合态比例越大,重金属的浸出率越高;3)酸浸试验期间EPS总量减少,黏液层和LB-EPS层易脱落;最后盆栽试验表明处理后污泥中重金属的潜在迁移性风险大大减弱,且污泥对菠菜生长有明显的促进作用。因此混合酸处理后污泥可以安全用于农业种植,且污泥与土壤干重比为1∶1时效果最佳。     

Assessment of Genotoxicity of Lignin Substances as Risk Factors for Aquatic Ecosystems

The genotoxicity of lignin substances (LSs) isolated from biologically purified wastewaters of the pulp and paper industry was studied in experiments on Baikal endemic mollusks and corn. Both toxicity and mutagenic activity of LSs were revealed, with their levels depending on the physicochemical characteristics of LSs, the test organism, and experimental conditions. These results provide evidence that LSs discharged into water bodies create a genetic hazard to their ecosystems.     

新型腐植酸类净水剂的研制

优选粘结剂制备的新型风化煤粒状净水剂，对印染废水有良好的处理效果，废水处理略为活性炭处理量的70％，而活性炭的价格略为该净水剂的30倍，文中研究了该净水剂的制造工艺，并进一步探讨了吸附机理。     

氯化钙对聚合氯化铝混凝去除腐植酸的影响作用研究

研究了ＣａＣｌ２对ＰＡＣ混凝去除腐植酸的影响作用，发现ＣａＣｌ２可以改善混凝效果和沉淀性能。探讨了ｐＨ值、投加量、温度等因素的影响，对药剂费用进行了经济分析，为今后的实际应用提供了基本数据。