合肥台短水准异常与周边地震活动分析

以合肥台跨郯庐断裂短水准数据为基础,结合华东地区中强震及安徽地区小震释放能量分析了历史测量资料在地震期间的变化,研究了辅助资料对测量资料的影响,得出:(1)降水虽可能造成敏感地块的断层形变异常,但在区域应力作用断层到一定强度时断层形变异常仍具有一定的前兆意义.(2)华东地区中强地震、安徽地区小震(群)与合肥台断层形变存...     

赤泥强化型岸边缓冲带模拟系统对再生水中磷净化机理初探

为了探讨赤泥对再生水中磷的净化机理,利用烧结法得到了比表面积大、孔隙众多且均匀,钙、铁金属元素含量高,对磷具有较好的吸附作用的赤泥,并通过室内模拟河岸缓冲带系统研究了不同赤泥施入比例对再生水中磷的净化效果及机理.结果表明,赤泥投加量控制在2.5%～5.0%之间时,不仅对再生水中磷的去除效果最好,而且可促使系统基质中铁铝...     

黄土丘陵区不同有机碳水平侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳的分布特征

通过分析5种不同有机碳水平侵蚀坡面上土壤微生物量碳的空间分布特征及其影响因素,探究了不同土壤有机碳水平下侵蚀和土壤微生物量碳的"压力-响应"关系.结果表明:10~20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量随土壤有机碳水平的增加而增加.0~10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量比10~20 cm土层更易受坡面有机碳背景的影响,且对侵蚀的响应较敏感;2土壤微生物碳含量随着土层深度的加深而减少,当坡面有机碳水平为5.68 g·kg-1时,土壤微生物量碳的剖面分布差异最大.土壤微生物量碳的水平分布表现为沉积区对照区侵蚀区,当坡面有机碳含量在4.92~5.65 g·kg-1范围内,其水平分布差异较大.即在中等有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面上,土壤微生物量碳的空间分布差异较大,对侵蚀的响应较敏感;3土壤微生物量碳的空间分布主要受坡面土壤有机碳水平的影响;其次受坡位、土壤平均含水量、土壤容重等的影响.     

厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌在岸边带土壤中的分布规律

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,n-damo)的发现打破了人们长久以来对生物氮、碳循环的传统认识.厌氧氨氧化细菌(anammox bacteria)和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌(n-damo bacteria)在水生态系统均有分布,并且在全球氮、碳循环中发挥重要作用.但它们在岸边带土壤中的存在和分布还不甚清楚.因此,本文对湖泊岸边带土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌的存在和分布进行了研究.基于厌氧氨氧化细菌hzs B基因(联氨合成酶关键基因)和M.oxyfera-like细菌16S rRNA基因的序列分析,分别证明了厌氧氨氧化细菌和M.oxyfera-like细菌在白洋淀湖泊岸边带深层土壤中的共同存在.厌氧氨氧化细菌hzs B基因定量PCR结果显示,其主要分布在地下水位附近及以下部分(40~100 cm),而在表层(0~40 cm)土壤中未被检测到.M.oxyfera-like细菌16S rRNA基因定量PCR结果显示,不同深度的土壤均有M.oxyfera-like细菌分布,并且其丰度随着土壤深度的增加而递增.这些结果说明厌氧氨氧化细菌和M.oxyfera-like细菌在湖泊岸边带深层土壤中共同存在,并且有不同的分布规律.     

Lower explosion limit of hybrid mixtures of burnable gas and dust

Hybrid mixtures – mixtures of burnable dusts and burnable gases – pose special problems to industries, as their combined Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) can lie below the LEL of the single substances. Different mathematical relations have been proposed by various authors in literature to predict the Lower Explosion Limit of hybrid mixtures (LEL_hybrid). The aim of this work is to prove the validity or limitations of these formulas for various combinations of dusts and gases. The experiments were executed in a standard 20 L vessel apparatus used for dust explosion testing. Permanent spark with an ignition energy of 10 J was used as ignition source. The results obtained so far show that, there are some combinations of dust and gas where the proposed mathematical formulas to predict the lower explosible limits of hybrid mixtures are not safe enough.     

Evaluating the efficacy of alumina/carbon nanotube hybrid adsorbents in removing Azo Reactive Red 198 and Blue 19 dyes from aqueous solutions

Concerning the high volume of wastewater containing dye in Iran and its adverse effects, it is necessary to develop scientific solutions for treating these wastewaters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the alumina-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in removing the Reactive Red 198 (RR 198) and Blue 19 (RB 19) dyes. Synthetic samples including dye with different concentrations were prepared. These samples were put in contact with different contents of alumina/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, in different pH values, in different contact times, different temperatures and the presence of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate. The optimum pH, dye concentration and temperature for removal of the two dyes was 3, 50 mg l⁻¹ and 25 °C, respectively. The optimum adsorbent dose for removal the RR 198 dye was 0.5 g l⁻¹ and for Blue 19 was 0.4 g l⁻¹. The optimum contact time for RR 198 was 150 min and RB 19 was 180 min. In this condition, maximum removal efficiency for RR 198 and RB 19 was 91.54% and 93.51%, respectively. The adsorption study was analyzed kinetically, and the results revealed that the adsorption fitted a pseudo-second order kinetic model. According to these results alumina/multi-walled carbon nanotubes can effectively remove RR 198 and RB 19 from aqueous solutions.     

Advanced process control system with MPC as a new approach for layer of protection analysis

Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is a widely used method to support process safety in the chemical industries. In the LOPA, the process is classified into many layers, one of such layers considers the basic process control system (BPCS) which commonly uses PID controllers. This kind of controllers cannot deal with constraints. For this reason, the main purpose of this work is to provide a framework to enhance the control layer in the LOPA, which consists of a model predictive control (MPC) with safety features. These features include: sublayers in the controller system (such as real time optimization, target calculation, and MPC), safety constraints, and guarantee of stability by adopting an Infinite Horizon MPC (IHMPC). Here, we propose an approach for control-inspired view to process safety, replacing the BPCS by an Advanced Process Control System (APCS). Moving forward with these concepts, first, a literature review emphasizes the content, showing two perspectives for the APCS. The APCS is designed for two varieties of controllers, a basic IHMPC and IHMPC with zone control to compare the performance. In this framework, the first sublayer consists of a real time optimization (RTO) structure, that calculates the optimal operating condition for the process controller, which computes the control action. Besides, RTO has an additional constraint called the safety index, based on the protection of process operational. RTO and basic IHMPC communicate directly, while for IHMPC with zone control there is an inner sublayer called Target Calculation, it computes a feasible target to the controller, working as another safety strategy in APCS. After that, we demonstrate both structures applied to a CSTR reactor. From the case study, we compared both controllers, and evaluated the effect that the safety index constraint causes in the setpoints, outputs, and control actions. The use of safety constraint in RTO proved to be a safe strategy for the control layer, as well as IHMPC with zone control presented a safer profile than basic IHMPC. Furthermore, the results show that safety constraint affect the economic goal, decreasing its value.     

A sneak peek into the phenomenology of fuel mist explosions: The key role of vapor fractions

The modern world depends greatly on hydrocarbons, which are ubiquitous, indispensable fuels used in nearly every existing industry. Although important, their use may trigger dangerous incidents, whether in their production, handling, storage, or transporting phase, especially when aerosolized. In light of proposing a standard procedure to assess the flammability and explosivity of fuel mists, a new test method was established based on the EN 14034 standards series. For the previous purposes, a gravity-fed mist generation system was designed and employed in a modified 20 L explosion vessel. This test method allowed the determination of the ignition sensitivity of several fuels. In addition, their explosion severity was represented by the explosion overpressure P_ex, and the rate of pressure rise dP/dt_ex, two thermo-kinetic parameters determined with a specifically developed control system and custom software. Nonetheless, a noticeable difference in the ignition sensitivity and the explosion severity was perceived when changing suppliers or petroleum cuts of some fuels. Moreover, sensitivity studies showed that both the droplet size distribution and the temperature of the droplets play a significant role in fuel mist explosion. These parameters can be directly related to the vapor fraction surrounding a droplet during its ignition. Consequently, this study focuses on the influence of varying the composition of three well-known and abundantly used fuels. Different petroleum cuts were introduced in different fractions into isooctane, Jet A1 aviation fuel, and diesel fuel mixtures, which were then aerosolized into a uniformly distributed turbulent mist cloud and ignited using spark ignitors of 100 J. Subsequently, complementary tests were executed in a vertical flame propagation tube coupled with a high-speed video camera allowing the visualization of the flame and the determination of the spatial flame velocity, and a tentative estimation of the laminar burning velocity. The latter was also estimated from the pressure-time evolution in the 20 L sphere using existing correlations. Indeed, the determination of the laminar burning velocity can be useful in modeling such accidents. Finally, highlighting the essential role of the mist and vapor fraction during their ignition has led to a better understanding of their explosion mechanisms.     

三峡水库消落区土壤理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)对三峡水库腹心地带(巫山-重庆主城区段)淹没消落区土壤磷的赋存形态进行了分级测定,并分析了各形态磷之间,以及各形态磷与样品理化特征(如全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、酸碱性(pH)、氧化还原电位(ORP))之间的相关性.结果表明,研究区域内,淹没消落区土壤全磷含量在0.28～1.32g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.63g·kg-1;无机磷和有机磷平均含量分别为0.46g·kg-1和0.13g·kg-1,占全磷百分比分别为72.3%和21.7%,淹没消落区土壤中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,从各形态磷含量及相对含量的变化范围来看,表现为钙结合态磷>有机磷>铁铝结合态磷,土壤全磷含量增加主要来自钙结合态磷部分,其次是有机磷.淹没消落区土壤活性磷组分(铁铝结合态磷和有机磷之和)含量分布范围在0.04～0.39g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.20g·kg-1,占全磷比例达到33.0%,消落区土壤活性磷组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,淹没消落区土壤磷对水体富营养化的潜在影响不容忽视;淹没消落区土壤全磷与无机磷和钙结合态磷,有机磷与铁铝结合态磷、全氮及有机质有显著相关性,表明钙结合态磷为无机磷和全磷的主要赋存形态,有机磷、铁铝结合态磷、全氮和有机质同源;有机磷同土壤酸碱性呈显著正相关,同氧化还原电位呈显著负相关,表明土壤酸碱性和氧化还原电位的变化可影响有机磷的含量与分布.     

岸边带湿地对富营养化河流的净化作用研究

对北运河上游污染严重流域实地调查发现,水中TN、TP和NH4+-N的最大超标倍数分别为12、10和7,以NH4+-N污染为主要特征.对北运河流域沙河水库附近一处典型岸边带湿地进行深入研究发现,天然河流岸边带湿地系统对河水中NH4+-N、TN和TP浓度有明显的削减作用,分别由河水中的27.0、29.0、1.82mg·L-1降至湿地中的2.50、6.54、0.12mg·L-1.由于微生物驱动的硝化-反硝化脱氮作用以及岸边带植物对营养元素的吸收作用,植被型岸边带沉积物中NH4+-N、TN和OM含量(分别为23.0mg·kg-1,0.66g·kg-1和9.13g·kg-1)分别为裸露型岸边带沉积物的0.20,0.48,0.67倍.植被型岸边带沉积物各层C/N比(平均为8.68)是裸露型岸边带沉积物各层C/N比(5.53)的1.6倍,为反硝化作用的发生提供了相对充足的碳源.与裸露型岸边带相比,植被型岸边带更利于营养元素的去除.作为工程实例,模拟天然河流岸边带湿地的罗马湖旁路/离线人工湿地系统对水体营养元素有显著的去除作用.