自贸区效应下山东省渔业资源开发基准选择

国家间自贸区的设立,将更加有利于各签约国资源环境利用效率的提升。本文采用贸易指数测算方法,分析了中、挪、韩在海水产品生产、加工及贸易流通中的各自优势。挪威因丰富的渔业资源和先进的渔业技术,在海水产品养殖及加工领域中具有全球引领作用;韩国有相对更加严格的海水产品安全检疫检验体系,可以确保海水产品的品质安全。随着中韩自贸区的实施及中挪重启双边自贸协定谈判,三国海洋渔业彼此间将进入自贸型竞争态势。如何运用自贸区效应,积极促进渔业资源开发比较潜能的发挥,进一步融入全球化,对于我国,尤其是对山东省渔业实现跨越式发展都是一个亟待破解的课题。山东省作为中国第一渔业大省,在继"海上山东"战略实施基础上,又率先提出"海上粮仓"建设规划设想。针对目前山东省渔业发展中存在的瓶颈问题,本文结合全球贸易分析模型(GTAP)的模拟,在中挪、中韩自贸区背景下对各方海水产品贸易的影响进行了系统分析,提出:在当前海水养殖产量大于捕捞产量的格局下,山东"海上粮仓"建设应以自贸区制度所形成的倒逼机制为互动机理,切实落实海产品养殖生产的安全标准底线和生态系统水平提升的两个基准维度,全面践行可持续健康的渔业资源开发理念,在全国先行完成开放型"海上粮仓"示范体系的建设,以推动我国海水产品生产与加工从量到质的转型,实现海水资源开发与生态环境保护并举,提升我国海洋渔业的国际竞争力。     

Estimating Root Zone Soil Moisture at Continental Scale Using Neural Networks

This study investigates the feasibility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to retrieve root zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the depths of 20 cm (SM20) and 50 cm (SM50) at a continental scale, using surface information. To train the ANNs to capture interactions between land surface and various climatic patterns, data of 557 stations over the continental United States were collected. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the ANNs were able to identify input variables that directly affect the water and energy balance in root zone. The data important for RZSM retrieval in a large area included soil texture, surface soil moisture, and the cumulative values of air temperature, surface soil temperature, rainfall, and snowfall. The results showed that the ANNs had high skill in retrieving SM20 with a correlation coefficient above 0.7 in most cases, but were less effective at estimating SM50. The comparison of the ANNs showed that using soil texture data improved the model performance, especially for the estimation of SM50. It was demonstrated that the ANNs had high flexibility for applications in different climatic regions. The method was used to generate RZSM in North America using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data, and achieved a spatial soil moisture pattern comparable to that of Global Land Data Assimilation System Noah model with comparable performance to the SMOS surface soil moisture retrievals. The models can be efficient alternatives to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture data for shallow RZSM retrieval.     

Moderation effect of planning on housing development along the French Atlantic coast: findings from an event history hazard model

Laws and bylaws are regularly challenged for their effectiveness in containing urbanisation sprawl and, conversely, for the constraints they put on development projects. From a French case study, we used survival analysis to disentangle a complex mix of influences on the distribution of residential construction over a 42-year observation period at plot scale when almost everything changes simultaneously. We found that integrated laws and bylaws can slow down coastal urbanisation but do not stop it. Although land planning is becoming more effective, it still provides ample opportunity for residential development because other factors, like distance to existing infrastructure, exert a far stronger influence than the protection of coastal areas. Therefore, this article contributes to filling a knowledge gap about the founding role of public policies on land use dynamics.     

开发区土地集约利用评价方法对比研究

开发区土地集约利用评价方法是全面客观评价开发区土地集约利用状况的关键要素。以南京市12个开发区为实证对象,尝试采用物元分析法和多因素综合评价法对开发区土地集约利用水平进行评价对比分析,并与土地集约利用效率评价结果对比分析,以期探求更合适的土地集约利用水平评价方法。研究结果表明:(1)南京各开发区集约用地主要限制因子各不相同,主要是企业用地容积率、企业用地建筑密度、建设用地投入强度和建设用地产出强度;南京各开发区之间的集约用地水平呈现出明显的差异,国家级开发区集约等级相对高于省级开发区,高新技术开发区集约等级相对高于传统经济类开发区;(2)相较于多因素综合评价法,物元分析法不但能反映研究对象的综合信息还能反映单个指标分异情况以及研究对象所处状态的稳定性,反映的信息更丰富;土地集约利用水平评价结果与土地集约利用效率评价结果排序具有一定差异,表明未来开发区不但要提高其集约利用水平更要提高集约利用效率。     

道路网络对澜沧江流域典型区土地利用变化的驱动分析

道路网络的存在和扩展影响着周边土地利用的格局,辨析其驱动效应对道路及生态管理具有重要意义.选取澜沧江流域典型山地生态系统为研究区域,以景洪市为案例区,通过解译和地理信息系统分析不同时期的遥感数据,研究了案例区所在的县域和道路影响域的土地利用变化规律.结果表明,1980～2000年间,道路两侧不同缓冲区的林地、灌丛有所减少,而建设用地和旱地面积的增加超过了10%;以2000年为例,土地利用格局的Shannon多样性、Simpson均匀度和斑块密度指数随道路缓冲距离增加而降低.100m缓冲距离情况下,3个指数为2.04,0.83和5845个·km-2,而1000m分别为1.92,0.81和599个·km-2,人工干扰指数也从46.6%下降到34.4%,而且格局指数和人工干扰指数都是2000年大于1980年.景观格局和人工干扰的时空分析表明,道路网络对区域土地利用的驱动作用随着距离道路的远近和时间有明显的变化土地利用转移矩阵分析表明,灌丛、林地、旱地受到建设用地转移驱动最大.     

呼伦贝尔市城郊河岸带土壤与河流沉积物重金属污染现状分析

河岸带类型对河流环境重金属富集具有显著影响,合理规划河岸环境,可以减缓河流周围土地的重金属污染对河流生态系统的影响。随着内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市工矿业、农牧业和旅游业的快速发展,频繁的人类活动会增加对河流周边重金属污染潜在威胁。为揭示呼伦贝尔市河流域环境重金属污染的现状、分布特征以及不同的河岸带类型对河流沉积物重金属污染的影响,在该区域采集了34个河岸带表层土壤和河流表层沉积物样品,并测定了6种重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn）含量,采用污染负荷指数法（pollution load index,PLI）对重金属污染情况进行评价。结果显示：6种重金属的平均含量分别为背景值的2.08倍、1.55倍、0.80倍、1.61倍、0.82倍、1.00倍,总体PLI为1.19,属轻度污染;河岸带的重金属污染程度总体高于河流,但是河流的重金属污染变率更大,相比之下重金属含量的最高值多出现于河流中;不同河岸带类型的PLI呈工业型河岸最高（1.535）、自然型河岸次之（1.126）、城市绿化河岸最低（1.030）、工矿业活动是区域重金属污染的主要源头,城市绿化型河岸带与自然型河岸带具有一定的缓解重...     

应用水质标识指数法评价太湖湖滨带水质

以2009年12月和2010年4、8月的全太湖湖滨带水质监测数据为基础,以TN、TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn、DO为评价指标,采用水质标识指数评价法对太湖湖滨带水质进行评价。水质指标基本信息显示,NH₃-N冬季、春季空间变异较大,TP夏季空间变异较大;单因子标识指数评价结果显示,太湖湖滨带水体水质因子污染风险时空差异显著,TN冬季、春季全区域污染风险均较大,NH₃-N冬季和夏季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大,TP三季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大;综合标识指数评价结果显示,东太湖、东部沿岸、贡湖区域水质较好,为Ⅲ类水,竺山湾和西部沿岸水体水质最差,为Ⅴ类水,且竺山湾和西部沿岸水体三季均处于重度污染状态。该研究可为太湖湖滨带水环境的生态恢复和标识指数应用的推广提供一定的科学依据。     

Ambiental dust speciation and metal content variation in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in urban atmospheric air of Harare (Zimbabwe)

The effects of timber harvesting on stream water quality and efficiency of alternate streamside management zones were evaluated in Pockwock Lake and Five Mile Lake watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada. The streamside management zone (SMZ) included a 20 m no cut, 20 m select cut and a 30 m select cut buffer strips along the stream. Water quality of eight streams, six in harvested and two in not-harvested watersheds were monitored for two years before and two years after the harvesting of timber. Nonparametric statistical tests on stream water quality showed that there was significant change in the concentration of potassium in six streams, manganese in five streams, zinc in two streams and total nitrogen in one stream after timber harvesting. There was no significant change in the quality of water in two streams used as control sites in the neighboring watersheds of similar size and hydrological characteristics. The results show that forest management practices were most favorable in streams maintained with 30 m select cut followed by 20 m no cut and 20 m select cut SMZ. The streamside zone width and treatment of select cut or no cut in the zone played an important role in filtering or retaining the minerals in surface water runoff. In buffer zones of similar width, the buffer zone with no cut or forested buffer was relatively more effective at protecting stream water quality than select cut SMZ. The vegetation in the zone may have decreased the flow velocity and increased residence time and thus increased filtration and retention of minerals in the riparian soil.     

大气污染：危害人类健康的“无形杀手”

环境保护是事关人类生存发展的战略性、全球性、世纪性的大课题,而大气污染则城市环境问题的首要问题,作者站在创建“生态环境医学”的制高点上,引证了大量翔实的例症,剖析了大气污染给人类生态环境身健康所带来的种种危害和机理,并从多角度提示了标本兼治大气污染的应急措施,从而疾呼“地球人”要确立科学的发展,坚定地走经济发展、环境保护、生态文明的可持续发展之路,这才是“依法治气”的根本之策。     

河滩包气带油污土层残油释放实验研究

本文通过释放试验,模拟了河道中河流冲刷,积水浸泡及多次冲刷条件下,包气带土层残油放过程,分析了ＰＨ值,温度,离子强度等因素对残油释放的影响,结果表明：残油释放由初始快速和随的慢后的慢速两个过程组成,振荡对平所需时间影响不大,振荡时残油释放速率为２．６１ｍｇ油类．ｇ＾－１±．ｄ＾－１,淋洗率为１．８３％,无振荡释放速率仅为０．３５ｍｇ油类．ｇ＾－±．ｄ＾－１;释放量随温度升高而增大,在离子强度〉０．