Low energy buildings in Taiwan mountain areas: A weather data analysis

The energy consumption of buildings is influenced by the climates tremendously. Taiwan is an island covered with high mountains. Crossed by the tropic of cancer, the basic climates zones include tropical and subtropical climates. In this research, the degree day and degree hour methods were used to analyze 37 weather stations data in mid and high elevation regions of Taiwan collected over 10 years. The WRF model were used to predict summer cooling hours using 26, 28, 30°C as the base temperatures. The research showed that Taiwan has complicated climate zones due to the variations of the elevation. The low air-conditioning load areas in the mid and high elevation regions will be the most suitable areas to design low energy consumption buildings in Taiwan.     

The energy,water, and air pollution implications of tapping China's shale gas reserves

China has laid out an ambitious strategy for developing its vast shale gas reserves. This study developed an input–output based hybrid life-cycle inventory model to estimate the energy use, water consumption, and air emissions implications of shale gas infrastructure development in China over the period 2013–2020, including well drilling and operation, land rig and fracturing fleet manufacture, and pipeline construction. Multiple scenarios were analyzed based on different combinations of well development rates, well productivities, and success rates. Results suggest that 700–5100 petajoules (PJ) of primary energy will be required for shale gas infrastructure development, while the net primary energy yield of shale gas production over 2013–2020 was estimated at 1650–7150 PJ, suggesting a favorable energy balance. Associated emissions of CO₂e were estimated at 80–580 million metric tons, and were primarily attributable to coal-fired electricity generation, fugitive methane, and flaring of methane during shale gas processing and transmission. Direct water consumption was estimated at 20–720 million metric tons. The largest sources of energy use and emissions for infrastructure development were the metals, mining, non-metal mineral products, and power sectors, which should be the focus of energy efficiency initiatives to reduce the impacts of shale gas infrastructure development moving forward.     

In situ preparation of visible-light-driven carbon quantum dots/NaBiO3 hybrid materials for the photoreduction of Cr(VI)

In this study, different carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/NaBiO₃ hybrid materials were synthesized as photocatalysts to effectively utilize visible light for the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants effectively. These hybrid materials exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the aqueous medium. Zero-dimensional nanoparticles of CQDs were embedded within the two-dimensional NaBiO₃ nanosheets by the hydrothermal process. Compared with that of the pure NaBiO₃ nanosheets, the photocatalytic performance of the hybrid catalysts was significantly high and 6 wt.% CQDs/NaBiO₃ catalyst exhibited better photocatalytic performance. We performed the first-principles density functional theory calculations to study the interfacial properties of pure NaBiO₃ nanosheets and hybrid photocatalysts, and confirmed the CQDs played an important role in the CQDs/NaBiO₃ composites. The experimental results indicated that the enhanced reduction of Cr(VI) was probably due to the high loading of CQDs (electron acceptor) on NaBiO_3, which made NaBiO₃ nanomaterials to respond in visible light and significantly improved their electron-hole separation efficiency.     

土壤组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响——基于三峡库区消落带落干期土壤

通过选择性去除土壤组分的方法,探讨了三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤中有机质、铁氧化物组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响.结果发现,三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤去除的有机质以易氧化组分为主,去除有机质后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量变化较小.然而,去除游离铁氧化物后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量均发生明显降低.同时,去除有机质、游离铁氧化物组分后并未改变土壤中各种磷形态的相对大小顺序,均为：钙结合磷（Ca-P） > 有机磷（OP） > 铁/铝结合磷（Fe/Al-P）.此外,黄壤（FJ）、紫色潮土（KX）和灰棕紫泥（FL）去除有机质后对磷的吸附能力较原始土壤仅分别降低0.5%、2.3%、6.5%（P=0.017<0.05,显著性差异）,表明3种土壤中有机质组分对磷吸附的影响较小;而去除游离铁氧化物后对磷的吸附能力分别降低45.6%、51.7%、43.9%（P=0.004<0.05,显著性差异）,表明土壤中游离铁氧化物组分是决定磷吸附大小的重要因素.另外,3种土壤去除游离铁氧化物后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力明显增加,表明游离铁氧化物组分是控制3种土壤吸附磷的解吸的重要因素.FL土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力略有降低,而KX和FJ土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力无明显差异,表明有机质组分对土壤吸附磷的解吸的影响与土壤类型有关.     

某铅冶炼厂对周边土壤质量和人体健康的影响

为了解铅冶炼厂对周边土壤的污染程度和人体健康危害状况,对河南省某铅冶炼厂周边的土壤、村民血液和头发中的铅含量进行调查,探讨了铅冶炼厂卫生防护距离估算的合理性.结果表明,铅冶炼厂周边M村和Y村的儿童血铅含量全部超过国际铅中毒诊断标准,最高血铅含量为491μg.L-1,其轻度、中度和重度铅中毒率分别为52.5%、42.5%和5.0%;Y村的儿童发铅超标率达100%,最高值为156 mg.kg-1,儿童的发铅平均含量是成年人的2.9倍.同时,铅冶炼厂周边66.7%的农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)Pb含量超过土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)的二级标准(350 mg.kg-1,pH>7.5),最高值达1 687mg.kg-1,导致铅冶炼厂周边儿童的健康受到损害.因此,铅冶炼厂的卫生防护距离的科学估算及其周边重金属污染土壤的修复应引起重视.     

三峡库区澎溪河底泥及消落区土壤磷的形态及吸附特性研究

沉积物是自然水域的重要生态组成部分,是形成湖泊、水库富营养化的关键因素之一.为研究三峡库区澎溪河流域沉积物中磷的赋存形态特征及迁移转化规律,采用连续提取法对澎溪河底泥3个断面及消落区3种土壤类型中磷赋存形态进行分析,并通过等温吸附实验研究了磷的吸附规律,确定了零净吸附磷浓度(EPC0).结果表明,澎溪河底泥中的总磷含量在0.80～1.45 g·kg-1之间,赋存形态以无机磷为主,其中钙结合磷和蓄闭态磷比例在80%以上,铁铝结合磷含量较低,该流域底泥受自然岩石状态及沉积环境的影响较大,而人为活动对其影响较小;消落区土壤总磷含量在0.65～1.16 g·kg-1之间,磷的赋存形态也以无机磷为主,冲积土和紫色土也以钙结合态磷和蓄闭态磷为主,水稻土中则以蓄闭态磷含量最高.澎溪河高阳、黄石和双江3个断面底泥的EPC0分别为0.08、0.13和0.11 mg·L-1,消落区冲积土、紫色土和水稻土的EPC0分别为0.08、0.09和0.04 mg·L-1.EPC0值与沉积物中总磷、pH、Ca-P、黏粒含量呈正相关性,其中与pH和Ca-P相关性显著.根据澎溪河上覆水中磷浓度的季节变化,初步判定底泥及消落区土壤在夏秋季节为磷的"汇",在冬春季节则成为其"源".EPC0高于水体富营养化临界值,底泥及消落区土壤中磷的释放依然是不可忽视的潜在问题.     

The development of a novel process planning algorithm for an unconstrained hybrid manufacturing process

The application of state of the art manufacturing processes has always been constrained by the capabilities either from technical limitations such as limited materials and complex part geometries or production costs. As a result, hybrid manufacturing processes – where varied manufacturing operations are carried out – are emerging as a potential evolution for current manufacturing technologies. However, process planning methods capable of effectively utilising manufacturing resources for hybrid processes are currently limited. In this paper, a hybrid process, entitled iAtractive, combining additive, subtractive and inspection processes, along with part specific process planning is proposed. The iAtractive process aims to accurately manufacture complex geometries without being constrained by the capability of individual additive and subtractive processes. This process planning algorithm enables a part to be manufactured taking into consideration, process capabilities, production time and material consumption. This approach is also adapted for the remanufacture of existing parts. Four test parts have been manufactured from zero and existing parts, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed hybrid process and the process planning algorithm.     

基于性能化防火设计的建筑“准安全区”判定方法

为判定人员疏散过程中"准安全区"的安全性,采用基于性能化防火设计的方法对建筑"准安全区"的安全性进行判定。"准安全区"内烟气热辐射、烟气能见度及有毒气体等有害因素的指标必须达到"准安全区"规定的指标要求。发生火灾时,"准安全区"内距离地面2 m以下烟气层温度不应超过60℃,烟气层能见度不应小于10 m,烟气层CO浓度不应大于5×10-4mol/mol。工程应用中可根据"准安全区"各性能判定标准,通过火灾模拟软件模拟分析火灾场景下"准安全区"内各有害因素的性能参数分布,对"准安全区"的安全性进行定性、定量评估。     

大型水体下顶水安全开采的可行性研究

在大型水体下顶水采煤,一方面要确保煤矿井下安全生产,同时要保护地表水资源不被破坏。基于峰峰矿区小屯矿的地质采矿条件,在分析与评价上覆岩层结构的基础上,选取水体下11个计算特征点,探讨上覆岩层破坏高度、防水安全煤岩柱及安全煤岩柱最小富余尺寸,绘制各类等值线图。采用概率积分法,从下沉、倾斜、水平变形和裂缝深度等方面,研究分析顶水开采后水体底部所受的采动影响。结果表明,在特定的地质采矿条件下,各工作面开采以后,上覆岩层中导水裂隙带发育的最大标高与基岩顶部之间具有较厚的岩柱,导水裂隙带不会波及到地表水体,水体底部的地表移动变形较小,不会影响到矿井安全生产,在大型水体下顶水采煤是安全可行的。     

关于有序填海的思路与方法

填海造陆在扩展土地和发展经济的同时也对海岸带环境造成了不利影响。将有序人类活动贯穿于整个填海造陆过程,通过科学合理的规划、组织和实施而进行有序填海,从而增加填海造陆的积极效应,限制其破坏性影响,是实现海岸带可持续发展的必由之路。整体性、矛盾论、动态平衡和因地制宜是有序填海的基本观点。要实现有序填海,首先必须在对填海造陆的效益和损失进行科学评价的基础上进行可行性论证,然后制定不同尺度的填海规划并确定填海造陆的适宜规模,最后利用一系列有效方法加以实施,包括：维护海岸带自然系统功能、完善监督管理制度、实行生态补偿与生态系统重建、加速改良填海区环境等。