Optimal Design Methods for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable and hybrid energy systems (HESs) are expanding due to environmental concerns of climate change, air pollution, and depleting fossil fuels. Moreover, HESs can be cost effective in comparison with conventional power plants. This article reviews current methods for designing optimal HESs. The survey shows these systems are often developed on a medium scale in remote areas and stand-alone, but there is a global growing interest for larger scale deployments that are grid connected. Examples of HESs are PV–wind–battery and PV–diesel–battery. PV and wind energy sources are the most widely adopted. Diesel and batteries are often used but hydrogen is increasing as a clean energy carrier. The design of an efficient HES is challenging because HES models are nonlinear, non-convex, and composed of mixed-type variables that cannot be solved by traditional optimization methods. Alternatively, two types of approaches are typically used for designing optimal HESs: simulation-based optimization and metaheuristic optimization methods. Simulation-based optimization methods are limited in view of human intervention that makes them tedious, time consuming, and error prone. Metaheuristics are more efficient because they can handle automatically a range of complexities. In particular, multi-objective optimization (MOO) metaheuristics are the most appropriate for optimal HES because HES models involve multiple objectives at the same time such as cost, performance, supply/demand management, grid limitations, and so forth. This article shows that the energy research community has not fully utilized state-of-the-art MOO metaheuristics. More recent MOO metaheuristics could be used such as robust optimization and interactive optimization.     

重化工园区循环经济评价指标体系构建及应用研究

为了切实推进重化工园区的循环经济发展,首先需要对其循环经济发展水平进行评价。采用层次分析法等方法理论,研究提出有针对性和可操作性的重化工园区循环经济评价指标体系,并根据构建的计算模型,对某重化工园区2012年循环经济发展水平进行分析评价。     

我国部分城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

主要研究中国大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况,对多环芳烃的浓度水平、时间和空间分布、组成及在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征进行了综述.北方城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度普遍高于南方城市.大气颗粒物中多环芳烃以4～6环为主,占多环芳烃总量的60％～ 80％.大多数多环芳烃分布于细粒子中,且多环芳烃在PM2.5中的分布占在PM1o中分布的70％以上.多环芳烃质量浓度有明显的季节变化特征,多数研究中多环芳烃浓度从高到低的季节变化规律为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季.不同功能区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染,城区高于郊区,交通区和工业区高于商业区、居住区和文化区.     

Validation of a new formula for predicting the lower flammability limit of hybrid mixtures

A correlation of the lower flammability limit for hybrid mixtures was recently proposed by us. The experimental conditions including ignition energy and turbulence which play a primary role in a gas or dust explosion were at fixed values. The sensitivity of such experimental conditions to the accuracy of the proposed formula was not thoroughly discussed in the previous work. Therefore, this work studied the effect of varying the ignition energy and turbulence intensity to the formula proposed in our previous paper. For ignition energy effect, results from methane/niacin mixture demonstrated that the MEC and LFL will not be affected by changing ignition energy. There is no distinguishable difference among gas explosion index (K_G) and dust explosion index (K_St) derived from tests with every ignition energy (2.5 kJ, 5 kJ and 10 kJ) in a 36 L vessel. The proposed formula is independent of ignition energy. For turbulence effect, the proposed formula can have a good prediction of the explosion and non-explosion zone if the ignition delay time is within a certain range. The formula prediction is good as the ignition delay time increases up to 100 ms in this work. Propane/niacin and propane/cornstarch mixtures are also tested to validate the proposed formula. It has been confirmed that the proposed formula predicts the explosion and non-explosion zone boundary of such mixtures.     

Artificial neural network modelling of As(III) removal from water by novel hybrid material

The present study reported a method for removal of As(III) from water solution by a novel hybrid material (Ce-HAHCl). The hybrid material was synthesized by sol–gel method and was characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS and TGA–DTA. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted as a function of different variables like adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, agitation speed, initial concentration and temperature. The experimental studies revealed that maximum removal percentage is 98.85 at optimum condition: pH = 5.0, agitation speed = 180 rpm, temperature = 60 °C and contact time = 80 min using 9 g L⁻¹ of adsorbent dose for initial As(III) concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹. Using adsorbent dose of 10 g L⁻¹, the maximum removal percentage remains same with initial As(III) concentration of 25 mg L⁻¹ (or 50 mg L⁻¹). The maximum adsorption capacity of the material is found to be 182.6 mg g⁻¹. Subsequently, the experimental results are used for developing a valid model based on back propagation (BP) learning algorithm with artificial neural networking (BP-ANN) for prediction of removal efficiency. The adequacy of the model (BP-ANN) is checked by value of the absolute relative percentage error (0.293) and correlation coefficient (R² = 0.975). Comparison of experimental and predictive model results show that the model can predict the adsorption efficiency with acceptable accuracy.     

山谷地区埋地天然气管道泄漏三维数值模拟

针对山谷地区埋地天然气泄漏问题,建立三维泄漏模型,将管道模型建立于土壤下,给出山谷地区风随海拔高度变化边界条件,在此基础上对山谷地区高含硫天然气泄漏问题进行六组模拟。结果表明:六组工况下硫化氢的危险区域全部大于甲烷的危险区域,突显出天然气泄漏问题中硫化氢的危害性之大。风速对危险范围的影响很大,在山谷地形条件下危险范围大小与风速大小成反比,且风速越大,危险范围越小。三个泄漏口方向中漏口斜向上45°时空气中泄漏气体的总质量分数最大,扩散的范围最大,但部分范围内并未达到泄漏气体的危险浓度,危险范围比实际扩散范围要小,漏口斜向下45°时危险区域是最大的,漏口水平介于中间。     

淹水条件下三峡库区典型消落带土壤释放DOM的光谱特征:紫外-可见吸收光谱

消落带土壤在淹水发生时释放溶解性有机质(DOM),是上覆水体DOM的重要来源.但同时对淹水释放DOM进行定量定性分析的报道并不多见.本文以三峡库区典型消落带为研究对象,通过模拟实验,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱,研究了厌氧淹水和正常淹水条件下,淹水土壤释放DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,消落带4个区域土壤淹水均呈"快速释放-下降-动态平衡"释放规律;释放速率和通量计算表明,DOM释放呈现出"源-汇动态交换"特征.对比两种淹水处理,尽管溶解性有机碳(DOC)和有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)无显著差异,但厌氧淹水DOM芳香性(SUVA280)高于正常淹水,而光谱斜率比值(SR)对不同淹水条件不敏感.同时,厌氧淹水时,DOC和CDOM的相关性也明显高于正常淹水.另外,各区域土壤淹水释放DOM存在差异,以忠县石宝寨土壤释放强度最高,尽管土壤有机质含量是影响各区域土壤淹水释放DOM差异的重要原因之一,但其他地化因素仍需考虑.因此,仅仅关注DOC浓度变化并不足以完全描述DOM的释放特征.     

河水-地下水侧向交互带地球化学特征:以重庆市马鞍溪为例

河水-地下水交互带是河水与地下水相互交换和混合的区域,在河流、地下水生态和水质的保护方面具有重要作用.为了解河水-地下水侧向交互带地球化学特征,以重庆市马鞍溪为研究对象,对河水及交互带的水温、溶解氧(DO)、pH值、电导率(EC)进行自动监测,结合对水样离子浓度和交互带沉积物中元素含量的分析.结果表明,马鞍溪侧向交互带水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型.监测期间交互带受河水入渗影响为主,交互带的缓冲作用使其温度、DO、pH值、EC等指标变异系数较河水低.随距河岸距离的增加,马鞍溪侧向交互带在物理、化学、生物综合作用下形成了迅速进入缺氧状态的氧化还原环境,以及pH值先降低后升高的酸碱环境.在其影响下,K~+、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)呈下降趋势,全Mn、EC、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Sr~(2+)等先上升后下降,全Fe、Al~(3+)等呈上升趋势.受河水、地下水长期交互影响,在距河岸约30 cm处的交互带沉积物中元素含量较高,形成独特的水化学梯度.据此可推断出马鞍溪侧向交互带边界可能在距河岸30~50 cm处,其中浅层交互带的边界可能在距河岸10 cm左右的位置.在河水补给地下水过程中,河水-地下水侧向交互带对净化水质有重要作用.     

三峡库区消落带沉积物对鱼体富集汞的影响

水体环境中的汞（Hg）容易被鱼体富集.为了研究三峡库区消落带沉积物对鱼体Hg含量的影响,采用不同Hg含量的消落带沉积物进行了为期90 d的模拟淹水实验.结果表明沉积物淹水后,水体总汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）含量显著增加,鱼体肌肉中THg和MeHg含量不断增加,而内脏和头部中THg和MeHg含量前期不断增加,后期则有轻微减小的趋势.肌肉对Hg的富集量大于内脏和头部,后两者的富集量没有显著性差异.与对照组（无沉积物）相比沉积物的存在明显增加了鱼体富集Hg的量,而且当沉积物中Hg含量较高时,鱼体对Hg的富集量也显著增加.鱼体各部位THg和MeHg含量变化曲线高度相似,各部位对MeHg的富集系数（bioaccumulation factors,BCF）在1.93×10⁵~8.89×10⁵之间,对无机Hg的BCF在1.3×10³~12.8×10³之间,表明鱼体所富集的Hg形态上主要为MeHg.鱼体各部位MeHg和THg含量均为极显著相关,线性回归方程表明,在富集Hg的量中,MeHg占THg比例分别为：肌肉80.1%、内脏79.3%、头部66.7%.消落带沉积物再淹水后会发生一定程度的净甲基化现象产生MeHg,由于扩散作用使水体MeHg浓度在一段时间内升高,这导致了鱼体对Hg的富集量增加.因此对三峡库区大面积消落带可能存在的Hg污染风险不可忽视.     

水污染防治成套技术系统成熟度评估方法研究:以湖滨带生态修复技术评估为例

在水专项技术就绪度评估准则的基础上,对水污染防治成套技术成熟度进行研究,并以湖滨带生态修复技术为例进行实例验证。成套技术成熟度不仅与技术成熟度有关,还与技术之间的集成成熟度有关,采用系统成熟度矩阵算法计算成套技术成熟度。通过对湖滨带生态修复技术"十一五之前"、"十一五"、"十二五"系统成熟度评估,对湖滨带生态修复技术发展情况进行掌控,结果表明发展程度较低的技术是制约整个系统成熟度的瓶颈。