炼厂含硫污水处理优化思路探讨

分析了炼厂含硫污水处理存在的问题,提出了含硫污水处理优化运行的思路和方法,并对企业下一步优化工作提出建议。     

生命周期评价在工农业生产中的应用研究

生命周期评价是指产品在整个生命周期中对环境的影响、对物质和能源的投入、产出进行汇集、测定的系统方法。从产品生命周期评价的发展过程和技术框架入手,对生命周期评价的意义以及工农业生产中的应用进行探讨,着重阐述了生命周期评价在农业生产、环保工艺、节能减排、清洁生产和环境管理中的应用。并认为生命周期评价应广泛用于环境治理领域,这是解决社会生产发展和环境污染之间矛盾的主要手段。     

机械制造业中镀铬工序清洁生产方案研究

通过对机械制造业中某一电镀企业重金属离子铬的产排污情况分析,评价了该企业的清洁生产水平,制定了清洁生产的中高费方案,即将镀铬工序产生的含铬废水蒸发浓缩后,浓缩液进入镀铬槽内进行回用,蒸馏水则回用于水洗槽用作清洗用水。并从技术、环境和经济3个方面进行了评估,环境评估从7个方面进行,如资源与能源、废弃物排放量变化、回收利用情况等,证明该方案实施是可行的,为我国机械制造业中镀铬工序的清洁生产提供了参考依据。     

辽宁省农业清洁生产的发展现状与对策研究

农业清洁生产作为21世纪农业发展的新模式,已得到了全世界的认同并在中国各地得到了广泛推广.辽宁省是中国农业大省,传统的农业发展模式亟待向生态农业、现代农业转变.文章试从农业清洁生产的内涵入手,阐述了农业清洁生产在辽宁省的发展历史和现状,并围绕着辽宁省在农业领域推行清洁生产过程中存在的问题,如生态环境日益恶化、政策制度不够健全、农民清洁生产意识淡薄、缺少相关的人才和技术等,提出了相应的对策和建议.     

某硫酸生产线清洁生产审核案例研究

某公司硫酸生产线针对生产过程中存在的原材料消耗高、产品转化率低等问题,通过开展清洁生产审核,分析生产过程能耗、物耗、废物产生量的现状,从原辅材料和能源、工艺、设备、过程控制、管理、员工、产品及废物八个方面提出14个清洁生产方案,通过方案的实施,提高了公司清洁生产水平,实现了预防污染、节能降耗减污增效的目的。     

凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻生长及藻毒素与营养盐释放的影响

针对目前我国凤眼莲治理富营养化水体技术的规模化应用现状,考虑到大面积控养的凤眼莲与暴发的水华蓝藻(尤其是产毒铜绿微囊藻)会在湖湾区短期内密集共存的情况,开展了凤眼莲对产毒铜绿微囊藻生长、生理特性、藻毒素生产与释放影响的研究,另外,也考察了短期共存下藻类营养盐释放与凤眼莲对藻毒素积累的情况.半连续共培养实验结果表明,凤眼莲能够有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,促进藻细胞的衰亡.虽然凤眼莲未对铜绿微囊藻光合系统Ⅱ的电子传递产生影响,但减少了其光合系统中的藻蓝蛋白(PC)含量和藻蓝蛋白/别藻蓝蛋白(PC/APC)水平,10%和20%水体交换率处理的PC/APC水平第8 d时分别降至相应空白对照的54.93%±7.07%和55.81%±1.97%.凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻形成了一定的氧化伤害,最终促进其抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶比活显著下降,丙二醛含量显著提高,10%和20%水体交换率处理的丙二醛含量第8d时分别升至相应空白对照的2.95倍±0.074倍和2.22倍±0.086倍.凤眼莲通过促进蓝藻的衰亡和分解,加速了营养盐的释放.12 d内,可溶性总氮浓度回升到初始水平,而水体可溶性总磷的释放速度比氮营养盐更快.另一方面,凤眼莲并没有促进铜绿微囊藻毒素的生产,也没有使水体藻毒素含量显著提高.相反,和自然衰减不同,短期内显著促进了水体藻毒素的降解,第12 d时10%和20%水体交换率处理的水体藻毒素分别下降至12.07μg·L-1±0.63μg·L-1和11.36μg·L-1±0.04μg·L-1.而凤眼莲整株的藻毒素短期积累量(FW)仅为5.95 ng·g-1±0.76 ng·g-1.增加水体交换率能够在一定程度上减缓凤眼莲对铜绿微囊藻的伤害,减缓营养盐的释放速度,但对水体藻毒素消减的影响不显著.     

基于 分析的余热发电对水泥熟料生产能源利用率影响评价

本文研究水泥熟料生产过程中各个生产系统的效率,并对余热发电前后每个系统的效率进行分析对比,从而得出各个系统的资源能源利用程度以及余热发电工程对每个系统能量利用率的影响,诊断水泥熟料生产过程的损失发生位置并发现系统的节能和余热回收利用的潜力,为管理者实施节能降耗的方案提供技术支持.研究表明,实施余热发电工程前,水泥熟料生产的原料制备系统、煤粉制备系统、回转窑系统的效率分别为4.5%、1.4%和33.7%;实施余热发电工程后,效率分别为7.8%、2.8%和38.1%.余热发电工程可回收回转窑系统总投入的3.7%,同时使原料制备系统、煤粉制备系统、回转窑系统的效率分别提高3.3%、1.4%和4.3%.     

A comparative study on the alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste

An alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two stage anaerobic digestion(AD) process was conducted. The temperature of the acidogenic(A) and methanogenic(M) reactors was controlled as follows: System 1(S1) mesophilic A-mesophilic M;(S2) mesophilic A-thermophilic M; and(S3)thermophilic A-mesophilic M. Initially, the AD reactor was acclimatized and inoculated with digester sludge. Food waste was added with the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) concentrations of41.4–47.0 g/L and volatile fatty acids of 2.0–3.2 g/L. Based on the results, the highest total chemical oxygen demand removal(86.6%) was recorded in S2 while S3 exhibited the highest SCOD removal(96.6%). Comparing S1 with S2, total solids removal increased by 0.5%; S3 on the other hand decreased by 0.1 % as compared to S1. However, volatile solids(VS) removal in S1, S2, and S3was 78.5%, 81.7%, and 79.2%, respectively. S2 also exhibited the highest CH4 content, yield, and production rate of 70.7%, 0.44 L CH4/g VSadded, and 1.23 L CH4/(L·day), respectively. Bacterial community structure revealed that the richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance of S2 were high except for the archaeal community. The terminal restriction fragments dendrogram also revealed that the microbial community of the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors in S2 was distinct. Therefore,S2 was the best among the systems for the operation of two-stage AD of food waste in terms of CH4production, nutrient removal, and microbial community structure.     

Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

Efficiency analysis for organic agricultural producers: the role of soil-improving inputs

Greater emphasis is being placed on indicators of agri-environmental efficiency of organic production systems. Linking environmental measures with profitability measures based on net income is the only way to develop such indicators. A stochastic production frontier model that explicitly incorporates farm decisions about acquiring and managing organic soil-improving inputs is used to measure efficiency. The results confirm that on-farm self-sufficiency in soil-improving inputs is positively related to farm-level efficiency.