Indicators for Chemicals: Sources,impacts and policy performance (5 pp)

Background Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest – regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures. Main Features A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem. Discussion and Conclusions. No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management – in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises. Outlook Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.     

我国现行排污费征收办法及标准诸问题探讨

我国现行的排污费征收办法及标准存在着起征费的计征额时间界定不清、达标污水收费额高于某些超标污水的收费额，收费项目少、收费标准偏低，城市污水处理厂的排污费和监督管理不明确等一系列问题，应予以确定以增强执法的严肃性。     

碘化钾-淀粉试纸法测定余氯

基于余氯对碘化钾的氧化作用和碘淀粉反应，本文提出了测定余氯的碘化钾－淀粉试纸法。研究了最佳测试条件，用于测定医院污水中的余氯，获得满意结果。测量范围为１．０－１０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Use of Water Clarity to Monitor the Effects of Climate Change and other Stressors on Oligotrophic Lakes

We present evidence from studies oflakes in Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada that waterclarity is a key variable for monitoring theeffects of climate change, high UV exposure andacidification. In small oligotrophic lakes, thesestressors affect water clarity primarily byaltering the concentration of DOC in lake water. Clear lakes (<2 mg L^-1 DOC) proved to be highlysensitive indicators of stressors, exhibiting largethermal and optical responses to small changes inDOC. Extremely clear (<0.5 mg L^-1 DOC) acidic lakesshowed the effects of climate change and solarbleaching in recent decades. These lakes becamemuch clearer even though they were slowlyrecovering from acidification.     

编制验收监测方案和报告存在的问题和解决办法

指出编制验收监测方案和报告过程中,在建设项目工程概况介绍,监测内容表达,监测评价标准选定,环境管理检查内容,附件收集及排版规范方面存在的问题.提出了解决问题的办法,这有助于提高验收监测方案和报告的编制水平,更好地为环境管理服务.     

在平平加存在下,三溴偶氮胂双波长法同时测定水中的钙、镁

本文研究了三溴偶氮肿(TBA)与钙、镁的显色反应,结果表明:在平平加存在下,PH10.4硼酸-氢氧化钠缓冲体系中,钙、镁与TBA都形成1:2稳定的紫色络合物,以490nm为参比波长,620nm为测定波长,用双波长分光光度法测得ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=7.21×10~3l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=2.55×10~4l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),比尔定律范围是0-35μgmg/25ml,0-40μgCa/25ml,无平平加时ε_(490-620)~(Mg)=6.61×10~3l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=2.3×10~4。根据有无平平加时测定络合物吸光度的差异,利用公式法求得Ca,Mg含量,方法简便、快速、可靠。     

能见度分级约束下的大气气溶胶光学厚度特征

利用ＰＩＳ太阳光谱仪观测了北京地区１９９３年３月—１９９５年３月晴天和少云天气的太阳直接辐射光谱，波长范围为０．４０－１．０４μｍ。光谱分辨率１．２５ｎｍ，共有１０６４组数据。观测期间，将地面能见度分为五级。由太阳直射谱获得了各能见度下大气气溶胶光学厚度谱。研究表明，北京地区大气气溶胶光学厚度虽然其总体季节统计规律为春夏大，秋冬小，然而，当加入能见度分级约束后，各能见度下气溶胶光学厚度的季节变化，近于消失。这表明少数“反常”垂直结构不影响能见度分级的平均结果。而不分级的光学厚度季节起伏主要由各季节的几率能见度决定。文中还把年平均五种能见度下的光谱光学厚度与ＬＯＷＴＲＡＮ模式作了对比。由光学厚度谱反演出了气溶胶粒子谱分布，为建立我国北方局地气溶胶模式构造了基本框架     

A new market instrument for sustainable economic and environmental development

The regenerative capacity of ecosystems provides a regulatory basis for sustainable economic growth and development. A natural valuation of an ecosystem's services will arise in a market for developmental rights in the ecosystem using a unit of tradable 'right': E-Scrip. The amount of e-scrip needed for a development may be set by Environmental Assessment. The capacity of the ecosystem to regenerate with developmental pressure may be represented by an independent trader or Factor Proxy for the Environment who provides e-scrip to the market.     

面向可持续城市生态系统管理的资源环境承载力评价方法与实践应用——以烟台市为例

全面科学的资源环境承载力评价是国土空间规划编制的前提。面向可持续生态系统管理视角,提出了由“潜在”和“现实”资源环境承载力构成的资源环境承载力评价框架和理论模型,并以烟台为案例进行应用,分析了“潜在”和“现实”资源环境承载指数的相互关系。结果表明：（1）烟台市“潜在”资源环境承载指数总体偏高,“现实”资源环境承载指数总体中等,各区（县）空间差异较大。（2）水资源短缺与环境污染问题是未来影响烟台市可持续发展的瓶颈,资源环境禀赋的限制和经济发展对城市生态系统服务弱供给区域影响较大,对“潜在”资源环境承载指数的影响在城市边缘区域较大。（3）所提出的评价逻辑框架和理论模型应用效果良好,丰富和完善了资源环境承载力评价理论方法。     

Thermal modeling and analysis of novel twin-chamber community solar cooker as a replacement of biomass-based cooking

A novel design of twin-chamber community solar (TCCS) cooker is presented as a replacement of biomass-based cooking. The novelty of separating a single rectangular cooking chamber into separate twin chambers (of 1-m² aperture area each) improves the cooking performance as opening of one chamber for unloading of food cooked in lesser time (rice) does not disturb the stagnation temperature of the other chamber (pulses and meat) needing more time to cook besides resulting in reduction in side heat loss coefficient due to common wall. Aperture area and cooking volume of TCCS cooker are 9.54 and 35.33 times more as compared to single-chamber domestic solar (SCDS) cooker which makes it a community-scale large-capacity solar cooker. The developed solar radiation capture model and overall heat loss coefficient (U_l) computed for TCCS cooker have been used in a thermal model developed between various interactive components. First (F₁) and second figures of merit (F₂) values are 0.13 and 0.42, respectively, for TCCS cooker at par with ‘A’ grade category SCDS cooker. Techno-economic analysis shows that the net present value of TCCS cooker is Rs. 83,253 with break-even point occurring after cooking 43,461 meals with payback period of only 25, 50, and 72 months if used as a replacement for LPG, cow dung cakes, and wood-based cooking, respectively. Environmental impact analysis shows that the use of the proposed cooker can mitigate 2, 5.9, and 4.1 tonnes of CO₂ emissions every year by not burning LPG, cow dung cakes, and wood respectively.