植被恢复工程对黄河中游土地利用/覆被变化的影响

剧烈的人类活动可快速地改变土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）格局,并对地表参量和水文要素产生深刻的影响。论文以退耕还林/还草生态工程（Grain for Green Project, GGP）的重点区黄河中游为例,利用5期土地利用数据,定量分析了区域LUCC的过程与趋势,并探讨了GGP对下垫面地表参量及水文要素的影响。结果表明：1）GGP并未显著地改变研究区土地利用空间分布格局,但改变了各土地类型的转换速度和平衡状态。GGP实施前各类型间相互转换频繁,处于动态平衡态势,而 GGP实施后以土地类型单向转换为主,处于不平衡态势,以耕地单向转为林草地为主。2）不同子流域间LUCC存在差异。GGP前汾河流域变化速度较其他区域快,呈准平衡状态;工程实施后的前期,河龙区间与渭河流域的净变化率以及总变化率较快,而后期差异不显著,呈不平衡状态。3）GGP显著地改变了下垫面地表参量和水文要素。GGP的实施使得NDVI、LAI和发射率显著增加,而反照率显著下降,以河龙区间尤为显著;径流系数显著下降,而蒸散发系数显著增加,尤以河龙区间表现显著。     

乌鲁木齐市大气污染治理成效的综合评估分析

2012~2013年乌鲁木齐采用了以煤改气为主的大气环境治理措施.利用2009~2014年冬季主要污染物浓度、1993~2014年的直接辐射、能见度、霾日数据,并参考相关文献,从大气环境的化学属性、物理属性两个方面评估煤改气等工程措施对乌鲁木齐市大气环境的改善效果.结果表明, 2013~2014年两个冬季乌鲁木齐市主要污染物PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂浓度比煤改气前期(2009~2011年冬季)各自下降了26.1%、80.2%、11.6%;细颗粒物PM_2.5中水溶性物质的总浓度比例下降了20.57%.煤改气工程前后PM_2.5中可溶性离子浓度排名前三位的均是SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-,但后期SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺占据PM_2.5质量浓度比例比前期下降近一半,NO₃^-质量浓度比例变化不大.从大气物理特性来看,煤改气等工程之后乌鲁木齐冬季直接辐射量提高,且2014/2015年冬季的直接辐射量是过去23年中第二个峰值;2012/2013年冬季能见度平均增加了5.7km,是1997年以来的最大值.与上年度同期相比,增幅达35.0%;2012/2013年冬季霾日数比上年度同期减少了15d,降幅达50%.上述结果说明乌鲁木齐市的大气环境得到了一定程度的改善.     

The role of weekly high‐activated positive mood,context, and personality in innovative work behavior: A multilevel and interactional model

This article proposed and tested a multilevel and interactional model of individual innovation in which weekly moods represent a core construct between context, personality, and innovative work behavior. Adopting the circumplex model of affect, innovative work behavior is proposed as resulting from weekly positive and high‐activated mood. Furthermore, drawing on the Big Five model of personality and cognitive appraisal theory, openness to experience and support for innovation are proposed as individual and contextual variables, respectively, which interplay in this process. Openness to experience interacts with support for innovation leading to high‐activated positive mood. Furthermore, openness interacts with these feelings leading to greater levels of innovative work behavior. Overall, the model entails a moderated mediation process where weekly high‐activated positive mood represents a crucial variable for transforming contextual and individual resources into innovative outcomes. These propositions were tested and supported using a diary methodology and multilevel structural equation modeling, on the basis of 893 observations of innovative work behavior and moods nested in 10 weekly waves of data. This information was collected from 92 individuals of diverse occupations employed in 73 distinct companies. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trends in Deforestation and Forest Degradation after a Decade of Monitoring in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico

We used aerial photographs, satellite images, and field surveys to monitor forest cover in the core zones of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico from 2001 to 2012. We used our data to assess the effectiveness of conservation actions that involved local, state, and federal authorities and community members (e.g., local landowners and private and civil organizations) in one of the world's most iconic protected areas. From 2001 through 2012, 1254 ha were deforested (i.e., cleared areas had <10% canopy cover), 925 ha were degraded (i.e., areas for which canopy forest decreased), and 122 ha were affected by climatic conditions. Of the total 2179 ha of affected area, 2057 ha were affected by illegal logging: 1503 ha by large‐scale logging and 554 ha by small‐scale logging. Mexican authorities effectively enforced efforts to protect the monarch reserve, particularly from 2007 to 2012. Those efforts, together with the decade‐long financial support from Mexican and international philanthropists and businesses to create local alternative‐income generation and employment, resulted in the decrease of large‐scale illegal logging from 731 ha affected in 2005–2007 to none affected in 2012, although small‐scale logging is of growing concern. However, dire regional social and economic problems remain, and they must be addressed to ensure the reserve's long‐term conservation. The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) overwintering colonies in Mexico—which engage in one of the longest known insect migrations—are threatened by deforestation, and a multistakeholder, regional, sustainable‐development strategy is needed to protect the reserve. Tendencias en la Deforestación y la Degradación de Forestal después de una Década de Monitoreo en la Reserva de la Biósfera de la Mariposa Monarca en México     

煤体注水难易性评价的可拓物元模型与应用

基于可拓学的物元理论和熵原理,构建了煤体注水难易性评价的可拓物元模型,引入熵权法确定煤体注水难易性的权系数。选取裂隙发育程度、孔隙率、煤体湿润边角、煤的硬度和饱和水分增值五个指标作为评判因子,并确定煤体注水难易性分级标准和指标阀值范围,即构建了经典域物元和节域物元。利用建立的模型对五个工程实例进行综合评价,应用研究结果表明:评判结果与工程实际情况吻合良好。因此,可拓学评价方法应用于煤体注水难易性评价是可行的,与传统评价方法相比,具有计算简单、便捷实用,易于在同类工程中推广应用。     

基于农户满意度的耕地保护经济补偿政策绩效评价及障碍因子诊断

农户是耕地保护经济补偿政策的直接受益者,其满意度直接关系到耕地保护经济补偿政策的成效。论文从农户满意度的视角来研究耕地保护补偿政策绩效及其障碍因子的诊断方法,可为提高耕地保护补偿政策绩效提供决策依据。选取在全国创新探索农田生态补偿的上海市闵行区、苏州张家港市和率先试点耕地保护基金的四川省成都市为实施耕地保护补偿政策的典型地区,采用熵权改进的TOPSIS 法和障碍度模型,对耕地保护经济补偿政策绩效评价及其障碍因子诊断进行实证研究。研究结果表明:① 成都市、张家港市和上海市闵行区耕地保护补偿政策农户评价的绩效值分别为0.529、0.494 和0.461,对应的绩效水平分别为良好、一般和较差,农户满意度绩效存在显著的区域差异;② 影响三个地区耕地保护经济补偿政策农户绩效评价排序前5 位的障碍因子依次为对耕地保护补偿账务公开是否满意(C₈)、对政府部门关于耕地保护补偿资金的监督管理是否满意(C₁₀)、对耕地保护补偿资金使用要求是否满意(C₉)、对耕地保护补偿标准是否满意(C₃)和对耕地保护补偿资金分配是否满意(C₇);③ 建立耕地保护补偿政策实施绩效评价指标体系,并采用熵权改进的TOPSIS 法和障碍度模型对其进行评价,是合理可行的。不仅如此,通过障碍因子诊断,其指标评价信息可以揭示出耕地保护补偿政策存在的绩效问题,有利于促进耕地保护补偿政策绩效的进一步提升和完善。     

太阳能级多晶硅生命周期环境影响评价

采用生命周期评价法对太阳能级多晶硅生产过程的环境影响进行评价. 基于Eco-Indicator99,建立了适用于我国的终点破坏类影响评价模型(Chinese endpoint damage model,CEDM). 对影响评价模型的资源属性参数进行了本地化研究,核算出以2010年为基准年、以我国为基准区域的资源属性本地化人均年度基准值(4.33×105 MJ). 采用现场和问卷调研的方式获得太阳能级多晶硅所有生命周期阶段的能量物质的输入、输出和环境外排数据,调研样本总产量达到2012年全国产量的80%. 结果表明:从环境影响的最终破坏受体来看,太阳能级多晶硅生命周期环境影响主要集中在对人体健康损害方面,占其整个环境影响的72.31%;其次是对资源衰竭方面的影响,占24.23%;对生态系统的损害最小,仅占3.46%. 在所有环境要素中,电的环境影响最高,占79.48%;其次是蒸汽消耗、工业硅原料,二者分别占13.18%、5.97%. 我国太阳能级多晶硅生命周期环境影响是欧洲平均水平的2倍多,主要是受电力结构所致,但在技术先进性和污染防治水平方面要优于欧洲平均水平.      

日光温室土壤养分平衡及其累积特性

为探讨栽培年限对日光温室土壤养分平衡状况及其动态累积特性的影响,以黄土高原南部陕西杨凌的13个日光温室为研究对象,连续4 a监测其养分投入量、蔬菜产量、土壤养分含量等变化,以评价温室栽培系统养分平衡状况及土壤养分的累积特性. 结果表明:温室土壤每年N、P₂O₅、K₂O的平均投入量分别为18.04、15.65和17.79 kg/km2,其中来自有机肥的N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别占各养分投入总量的64%、58%、53%,氮、磷、钾投入过量问题突出;表层土壤w(有机质)、w(TN)、w(矿质氮)、w(速效磷)和w(速效钾)均随栽培年限的延长而不断增加;与建棚时相比,栽培第1年和第2年温室土壤各养分含量增幅迅速,第3年和第4年养分累积速度相对减慢. 随着温室栽培年限的延长,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量显著增加;虽然研究区井水中ρ(NO₃--N)平均值低于GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》标准,但随着温室栽培年限的延长,硝酸盐向深层土壤淋溶及进入地下水的风险值得关注.      

车用乙醇汽油静电起电特性试验研究

为研究乙醇汽油使用过程中存在的静电风险及带电变化规律,基于自主研发的油品电荷密度表,试验研究了乙醇含量对管输汽油静电带电规律的影响,获得乙醇体积含量0~5%的管输油品静电数据;对油库内乙醇汽油装车作业及加油站加油作业乙醇汽油静电起电特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:随着乙醇含量的增加,油品静电呈现先增大后减小的趋势;乙醇体积含量在0.5%~1%时,油品静电起电量最高可达到-77.2 μC/m3,为此需注意乙醇汽油调配过程中可能存在的静电风险;高电导率的车用乙醇汽油在加油作业时,油品静电起电量较低。     

Assessing the cost‐effectiveness of interventions within a humanitarian organisation

Cost‐effectiveness analysis is increasingly relevant in humanitarian action. The cost of response has increased exponentially in the past decade, alongside concurrent donor budget restrictions. However, there remains limited comprehension and application of these methods in this field. This paper documents methods developed for use within Action Against Hunger, an international humanitarian organisation, in response to a lack of understanding of this topic within the humanitarian community and limited evidence of the cost‐effectiveness of humanitarian action. These methods encompass costs to both implementing institutions and participating communities. Activity‐based cost analyses are conducted to assess resources per programme activity. Cost‐effectiveness is evaluated using successful programme outcomes, and uncertainty is appraised via sensitivity analysis. This paper aims to advance knowledge, stimulate discussion, and promote the adoption of cost‐effectiveness methods for building the evidence base for humanitarian action, including consideration of community costs, to enable analytical outputs that are useful for managers and policymakers alike.