防静电热控材料低能质子辐照试验研究

防静电热控材料是航天器上常用的热控材料之一,其在空间环境下的性能退化是航天器设计中必须考虑的问题。对几种航天器上常用的防静电热控材料进行了低能质子辐照试验,并原位测量样品的太阳吸收率和表面电阻率,对低能质子辐照下的性能退化规律进行了初步分析。试验结果表明,在低能质子辐照下,这3种材料的太阳吸收率都有不同程度的上升,而表面电阻率则呈现下降的趋势。     

太湖地区太阳辐射与水温的变化特征及其对叶绿素a的影响

基于中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站1993年以来的常规监测资料,利用比较与数理统计相关分析方法对太湖地区的太阳辐射和水温变化特征及其对水体叶绿索a浓度的影响进行分析.结果显示,太湖地区太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射、光合有效辐射占总辐射的比例及水温总体上都呈上升的趋势.其中,光合有效辐射的增长速率大于总辐射的增长速率,年际水温增长率春季秋季>夏季.太阳辐射及水温的年内变化呈夏季大,春秋季次之,冬季最小的特征.此外,太阳辐射和水温与叶绿素a呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),太阳辐射特别是光合有效辐射和水温的增加为藻类的大量生长和水华暴发提供了良好的物理条件,太湖蓝藻水华初始暴发时间有逐年前移的趋势且水华持续时间逐年增加.     

生态环境影响评价导则的对比分析

通过新旧生态环境影响评价导则HJ19-2011和HJ/T19-1997的对比分析,对两个导则中主要内容的差异进行了解析。以帮助读者了解新旧导则的异同,有利于更加深入地理解和使用新生态环境影响评价导则。     

航天器动力学环境试验标准体系研究

文中主要论述了我国标准体系框架和分类及军用标准体系,研究了航天器环境工程标准体系及航天器动力学环境标准的发展及其与国外标准体系的关系,探讨了航天器动力学环境试验验证系统及验证标准的发展及作用,阐述了航天器力学环境试验标准与国外同行业的差距及发展方向。     

吉林省污水处理厂环境管理现状与污染防治对策初探

吉林省有污水处理厂20座,以城镇污水处理厂居多,约占吉林省污水处理厂总座数的75%。主要削减的污染物为第二类污染物,并以化学需氧量和生化需氧量削减量最大;吉林地区污水处理厂化学需氧量和生化需氧量削减量最大,其次为长春和四平地区,辽源地区污水处理厂化学需氧量削减量最小;松花江流域污水处理厂化学需氧量削减量最大,其次为辽河流域,再次为图们江流域。松花江流域污水处理厂生化需氧量也是削减量最大,其次为辽河流域,再次为图们江流域;全省第二类污染物削减率为79.46%。针对吉林省污水处理厂污水及污水中污染物处理情况,加强全省污水处理厂的能力等各方面建设势在必行。     

退耕还林还草工程区域生态环境质量评价初探——以太仆寺旗为例

以太仆寺旗为退耕还林还草工程的典型区域,通过2000年和2008年TM遥感影像,提取了研究区两年度的土地利用现状数据,并对研究区生态环境质量作出评价。评价结果为,1）2008年较2000年,林地、草地、水域湿地、建设用地面积有增加,耕地、未利用土地面积减少了;2）高功能组分指数增加了,草地生态系统生产力、耕地面积比指数、未利用地面积比指数均下降;3）土地利用格局和生态环境质量指数的变化均反映了退耕还林还草工程的实施对改善研究区生态环境质量的生态效益。     

Approach and application of life cycle screening in early phases of process design: case study of supercritical water gasification

Process design can be influenced most in the early phases. Here, screening methods play a major role, as they reduce the complexity of a system studied by making a pre-selection from a set of alternatives available. The remaining alternatives can be analyzed in more detail in the subsequent design process, which increases design efficiency. The present paper focuses on a multi-stage screening approach for use in the early process development phase in particular. This approach is based on the use of non-compensatory decision support methods that are transferred to life cycle assessment. It may be divided into a first stage, in which the decision matrix used is developed on the basis of decision analysis principles, and a second stage, in which the decision matrix developed is further processed using non-compensatory decision support methods. An example of such a method is the pareto-dominance analysis applied here. The approach proposed is validated by application to the process of biomass gasification in supercritical water, which is being developed at the moment. Here, screening is performed to identify those life cycles, the potential environmental impacts of which contribute most to the total impacts. Attributes are selected in line with the requirement of a simple, but still sufficient modeling of these environmental impacts. By pareto-dominance analysis, emissions from the gasification of sewage sludge, the pre-chain of natural gas production, and from the construction of the supercritical gasification plant are identified to dominate over the remaining life cycles studied. Apart from the predominating alternatives, it is of particular importance to know the dominated alternatives. Due to their small shares in the result, no or only a small expenditure is needed to identify improvement potentials of these alternatives.     

太阳高度角对太湖水体真光层深度变化的影响分析

在假定水体表面为镜面、水体中无内光源、无非弹性散射的前提下,通过Kirk的辐射传输理论,研究了太湖水体中不同的太阳高度角对真光层深度变化的影响.结果表明,散射系数与吸收系数的比(b/a)值的大小是决定太阳高度角对真光层深度影响的关键因子,b/a315时,太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响较小,基本可以忽略.针对秋季太湖区域而言,在较短波段(400~540nm)b/a的值在整个湖区均较小,此时要考虑太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响;在较长波段(540~700nm), b/a的值在整个湖区均较大,可以不考虑太阳高度角对真光层深度的影响.     

光催化剂Bi3.84W0.16O6.24在模拟太阳光下对双酚A的降解

采用水热合成法在pH12的条件下合成圆片状Bi3.84W0.16O6.24催化剂.通过XRD、FESEM、TEM、UV-vis漫反射等表征分析Bi3.84W0.16O6.24的物相、形貌和吸光性能.以双酚A(BPA)为目标污染物,研究了Bi3.84W0.16O6.24在模拟太阳光辐射下的光催化反应活性.设计L18(37)正交试验研究了BPA初始浓度、催化剂投入量、反应溶液pH值以及光催化反应时间对Bi3.84W0.16O6.24光催化降解BPA的影响.正交试验的极差和方差分析结果表明,BPA初始浓度和反应时间影响非常显著,催化剂用量影响显著,反应溶液pH值影响不显著,初始浓度和催化剂量的交互作用很小.在BPA初始浓度为20mg/L、催化剂量2g/L、反应溶液pH7、反应时间为90min的条件下Bi3.84W0.16O6.24对BPA去除率达99.5%,TOC去除率为86.0%,BPA的降解符合一级反应动力学.     

Computing payment for ecosystem services in watersheds: An analysis of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion in China

An improved watershed criteria model was developed in light of research on payment for ecosystem services outflows theory.