从萘系高效减水剂中分离硫酸钠的清洁工艺

对萘系高效减水剂中硫酸钠的分离提出了一种用有机醇作为促析剂的分离工艺,在较高温度和较高的水剂总浓度下,按水剂质量的３０％加入促析剂,可使粉剂中硫酸钠的质量分数降至３％以下,促析剂可回收利用。该工艺无三废排放,工艺简单,可望取代传统的脱硫酸钙法。     

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR WATER CONSERVATION ON THE MONTEREY PENINSULA: THE MARKET PROPOSAL1

ABSTRACT: Literatures on price‐based urban water conservation and on market‐based mechanisms to manage natural resources suggest that market‐based management of urban/suburban water use may be feasible. A market‐based proposal that emerged from a water shortage on California's Monterey Peninsula is presented. In the proposal, conservation incentives arise both from an ability among end‐users of water to reduce consumption and sell use‐rights to water, and from a penalty price for consumption in excess of one's use rights. The amount of water associated with use rights is capped and varies according to hydrological, meteorological, ecological, and other criteria. Requirements for further study of the proposal are listed, and the role that similar market‐based mechanisms could play in urban water management is discussed.     

大型厂房消防安全设计评估

借鉴国际性能法规发展的经验,跟踪国际火灾科学研究前沿,着手研究和建立适用于我国新的建筑防火设计规范体系,已成为我国消防现代化建设的重要战略任务之一。作者以具体实例为对象,分别采用处方式和性能化设计方法进行建筑防火设计评估,演示两者设计过程和设计理论的差异。本文将是一组文章之一,针对一个大型边间厂房的具体设计按照处方式法规进行了评估,文章鉴别设计中不符合现行规范的条款并按规范提出修订方案,其阐述和讨论结果可为进一步进行火灾安全性能设计提供参考。有关的性能设计分析将在另一篇文章中详细介绍。     

固定床PVC燃烧脱氯的机理和试验

研究垃圾组分PVC在焚烧过程中HCl的排放和脱除特性的实验在准等温、电加热的水平石英管反应器中进行.随着床温从700℃升高到900℃,HCl的转化率从82.5%平缓增加到88.3%,而过量空气系数的增加促使部分HCl转化为C1₂(1.9%～4.5%)的形式存在.钙基吸收剂CaCO₃,Ca(OH)₂,Ca(CH₃COO)₂对HCl的脱除效率高达68%～79%,而镁基吸收剂的脱氯效率却低于3%.小的吸收剂粒径、高的Ca/Cl比会促进脱氯效率的提高;烟气中CO₂和H₂O对脱氯效率的影响与它们在反应平衡中所起作用有关.高温下燃烧固氯机理反应的平衡常数的计算不仅诠释了实验结果,而且提供了脱氯吸收剂选择的依据.     

Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs

Effective ecosystem‐based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components’ vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions.     

污泥活性炭深度处理焦化废水的试验研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料、氯化锌为活化剂,制备得到污泥活性炭AC-Z。借助比表面积测定和红外光谱分析表征污泥活性炭的物理化学性质。采用瓶点法静态吸附实验和动态柱吸附实验研究AC-Z对焦化废水生化尾水中COD和色度的去除效果。瓶点法静态试验表明:AC-Z对COD和色度的去除率随着pH的增大而减小,随投加量的增加而增大;AC-Z对COD和色度的吸附为吸热过程,COD的吸附数据符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,303 K时单层最大吸附量为117.65 mg/g;准二级动力学方程可以很好的描述303 K时AC-Z对COD的动力学吸附行为,吸附速率常数为2.55×10-3g(/mg.min)。动态试验表明:吸附流速10 BV/h,污泥吸附剂对COD和色度的去除效果较好,可以达到国家污水综合排放标准一级标准;选择质量分数5%NaOH为脱附剂时,脱附流速为5 BV/h,COD和色度的脱附率分别可以达到94.1%和91.1%以上。     

煤矿社区居民的资源开发态度及其影响因素分析

居民对资源开发的态度是资源开发管理的重要社会与公众基础。基于对煤矿社区居民的调研数据,实证分析了居民资源开发态度的特征及其影响因素差异。结果显示：煤矿社区居民对资源开发总体呈现比较反对的态度。居民社会人口属性方面,受教育水平越高其对资源开发态度的支持程度越高;女性比男性更支持煤矿开采。在社会文化层面,就业机会和社会个人利益正向、显著影响居民资源开发态度;煤矿开采对居民生活和健康的不利影响负向、显著影响居民资源开发态度。在经济交通层面,资源开发的配套设施建设正向、显著影响居民资源开发态度;土地破坏和粮食减产负向、显著影响居民资源开发态度。在生态环境层面,自然灾害和地质灾害发生情况以及水质和水量的下降情况负向、显著影响居民资源开发态度。建议未来应制定针对性政策,改善居民资源开发态度,并着眼于资源开发沟通机制的完善、居民参与资源开发规划的制定和外部管理制度建设能力的提升。     

Market‐based conservation: Aligning static theory with dynamic systems

This paper provides a broad evaluation of the implications of market‐based conservation (MBC) strategies from economic, social and ecological perspectives. After reviewing the economic theory that underlies MBC initiatives, we develop a list of approaches that have been labeled as “market‐based”, and categorize them according to the degree to which they are free‐standing markets or require the intervention of the state. A multidisciplinary critique reveals the potential problems and pitfalls of MBC are due to a lack of ability to deal with dynamic systems in the real world. The dynamics of these three systems can undermine the intended goals of MBC.     

Physicochemical analysis of individual atmospheric fine particles based on effective surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of more than 400 million people in China. It is therefore of great importance to thoroughly investigate and understand their composition. To determine the physicochemical properties in atmospheric fine particles at the micrometer level, we described a sensitive and feasible surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) method using Ag foil as a substrate. This novel method enhanced the Raman signal intensities up to 10,000 a.u. for ν(NO_3~-) in fine particles.The SERS effect of Ag foil was further studied experimentally and theoretically and found to have an enhancement factor of the order of ～10~4. Size-fractionated real particle samples with aerodynamic diameters of 0.4–2.5 μm were successfully collected on a heavy haze day,allowing ready observation of morphology and identification of chemical components, such as soot, nitrates, and sulfates. These results suggest that the Ag-foil-based SERS technique can be effectively used to determine the microscopic characteristics of individual fine particles, which will help to understand haze formation mechanisms and formulate governance policies.     

Estimation of pasture infectivity according to weather conditions through a fuzzy parametrized model for the free-living stage of Ostertagia ostertagi

Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the diseases that has the highest economic impact on the Argentinian beef production system, rendering it inefficient. In the region of the Humid Pampas, it has been estimated that 22 million dollars are lost annually because of the death of calves and 170 million dollars are lost in sub-clinic costs. A mathematical model with fuzzy parameters was constructed for the analysis of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal parasites, with the purpose of estimating the pool of L3 larvae available for migration to pasture and the levels of infection in pasture at any time of the year under different climatic conditions. The model is formulated in terms of a system of three difference equations. These equations describe the abundance of parasites in each of the successive stages of the population development. The model was calibrated and tested with data gathered through fieldwork carried out in Tandil (37°19′S, 59°08′05″W), province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and the corresponding weather data. A comparison between model simulations and fieldwork data obtained in other locations achieved satisfactory results.