好氧污泥颗粒化影响因素的分析

结合近年来国内外学者关于好氧污泥颗粒化的研究成果,对影响好氧污泥颗粒化的影响因素进行了较为深入系统的分析,提出了适宜的运行控制条件及所需注意的问题。     

Public Participation Mechanisms in Environmental Disasters

This paper examines the role of public participation mechanisms in certain major environmental disasters. It examines situations in which people’s lifestyles or their lives have been directly threatened, and thus elicited citizen participation. Threatening issues often seem morally, physically, socially, economically, religiously, and otherwise unacceptable to a group. As will be presented in this paper, citizens voluntarily participate in a community activity when they see that their way of life has been threatened. An introductory historical perspective, the legal framework upon which it is based, and background information on the participatory mechanisms, all emphasizing the importance and need for empowering citizens with participatory skills so as to bring changes in the existing educational, legal, and social systems are presented. The major environmental accidents/disasters of Minamata, Japan; Bhopal, India; Seveso, Italy; Chernobyl, Ukraine; and Exxon-Valdez, Alaska are discussed, mainly to indicate the reaction, and the participatory mechanisms used by the affected communities in each of the sudden disasters that occurred. If citizens worldwide had been active participants in the environmental issues, it is quite possible that we would have experienced fewer environmental accidents.     

预处理方式对氧化-还原联合技术修复硝基苯污染地下水的影响

为了探究氧化与还原预处理对氧化-还原联合技术修复硝基苯污染地下水的影响,选取2,4-DNT（2,4-二硝基甲苯）为研究对象,构建过硫酸盐/铁炭修复技术体系,分别设置2个试验槽,一个试验槽以过硫酸盐作为氧化预处理联合以铁炭作为还原后处理,另一个试验槽以铁炭作为还原预处理联合以过硫酸盐作为氧化后处理,对比研究构建的氧化-还原联合系统中不同氧化与还原预处理方式对2,4-DNT去除机制的影响.结果表明:①过硫酸盐氧化材料填充位置显著影响试验槽pH和ORP（氧化还原电位）的变化,在运行周期5 PV（PV为孔隙体积,1 PV时间约为4 h）内,pH可显著增至11左右,ORP值达到最高.②在运行周期5 PV内,氧化填充层S₂O₈2-浓度和还原填充层Fe2+浓度均显著降低.③在运行周期5 PV内,随运行周期的增加,以过硫酸盐作为氧化预处理联合以铁炭作为还原后处理的协同技术体系对2,4-DNT的去除效果显著降低,以铁炭作为还原预处理联合以过硫酸盐作为氧化后处理的协同技术体系对2,4-DNT的去除率维持在100%.④通过液相-质谱联用技术,识别构建的氧化-还原联合技术体系内2,4-DNT降解的主要中间产物,同时结合铁炭微电解还原机制和过硫酸盐氧化机制提出了2,4-DNT协同处理机制及其可能的降解路径.研究显示,还原预处理更有利于氧化-还原联合技术对地下水中2,4-DNT的去除,可为有效处理硝基苯化合物污染地下水提供理论支撑.      

2013—2015年北京污染频发期细颗粒物重污染成因与天气形势关系的研究

我国重污染呈现愈演愈烈态势,重污染事件在供暖季节（污染频发期）尤为频发.本文利用北京2013—2015年采暖期逐小时PM_2.5浓度数据、再分析资料、气团后向轨迹、气溶胶雷达数据以及探空数据综合分析了北京地区重污染状况,概括了重污染发生时常见的天气形势,探讨了重污染形成原因与天气形势的关系.研究结果表明：2013—2015年采暖期北京发生重污染（日均PM_2.5浓度大于150 μg·m^-3）的天数分别为36、28及35 d,即北京采暖期21.9%的天数受重污染天气影响.2月份重污染事件最为频发,发生频次为27.3%.北京发生重污染事件时,地面被高压控制时,高空500 hPa多东移的槽脊,当位于脊后槽前时,为上升运动,西南风,850 hPa多暖平流,西南风输送暖湿气流,湿度较大,地面偏南风,可能会存在污染物的输送;地面为低压控制时,500 hPa一般为稳定的西风气流或西北气流,低空850 hPa可能存在暖平流,地面常伴随弱的风场辐合,导致污染物累积;当地面为均压场时,高空500 hPa多为脊后槽前的形势,低空无明显冷暖平流,地面等压线稀疏或无等压线,静风天气.这3类结构引发的重污染天数分别占总重污染天数的47.3%、18.2%及34.5%.进一步分析重污染成因与天气形势关系表明：北京地面受高压系统控制时,污染时间持续最长,也最为频发（47.3%）,PM_2.5平均浓度最高可达258.8 μg·m^-3,且常伴随来自西南方向的污染物输送,北京上空1 km附近存在逆温和逆湿.对污染传输路径研究发现：主要存在3条输送通道,①天津-廊坊-北京、②沧州-廊坊-北京、③石家庄-保定-北京.鉴于目前数值模式对天气形势的预报较为成熟,本文对区域重污染过程与天气形势之间的关系研究,有助于为北京地区空气质量的精准预报预警提供科学支持.     

等离子体净化苯系物

苯系物是一种常见的工业污染物,它主要包括苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯等,传统的处理方法有液体吸收法、吸附法、焚烧法、冷凝法、生物法等,本文对比分析了各传统方法的优缺点,提出了一项新型的等离子体技术,它具有对环境温度反应迅速、适用范围极广、系统紧凑性和操作简单的特性,同时还具备停留时间短暂等优点,尤其适用于处理挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）.主要研究了使用不同类型的等离子体反应器处理苯系物的实验装置,分析了影响等离子体技术处理苯系物的相关影响参数,如施加的电压和电场强度、输入能耗、反应器类型、反应器尺寸、载气、停留时间、苯系物的种类等,例如催化剂可以提高分解效率,优化反应条件,同时分别阐述了苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯的降解机理.最后提出,将等离子体技术与多种处理技术联合使用,将会成为未来净化挥发性有机物的主要研究方向.     

关于社会因素对灾害的影响

在分析影响灾害主要因素的基础上,以具体灾害实例着重分析了社会因素对灾害的影响,指出社会因素影响灾害主要通过影响灾害源,承灾体的防、抗灾能力,同时社会经济发展水平对灾害损失也有很大影响。     

Accounting for large-scale factors in the study of understory vegetation using a conditional logistic model

Local-scale and large-scale factors can affect the presence of a species of understory vegetation in the forest. Local-scale factors may be the influence of surrounding trees, while climate and latitude are typically considered large-scale factors. A model for the presence of a species needs to take into account both scales. A conditional logistic model is proposed for those studies where only the local-scale factors are of interest and that avoids estimating the large-scale parameters. Conditioning is carried out by the number of quadrats in the plot where the vegetation is found. As the latter is a sufficient statistic for the large-scale factors, a model free from these parameters is obtained. Data gathered in the permanent sample plots of the 1985–1986 National Forest Inventory of Finland is used for illustration, where the local-scale factor of interest is the influence of the trees, quantified by an index based on the size and location of the trees. The model fitted to Vaccinium vitis-idaea showed a significant and positive influence of Scots pine on the presence of this species, while for Calamagrostis arundinacea, a decrease in the odds ratio was observed due to the influence of Norway spruce.     

Influence of iron, nickel and cobalt on biogas production during the anaerobic fermentation of fresh residual biomass

We have investigated the dependence of the rate of the production of biogas upon the concentration of nickel, cobalt and iron at sub-toxic concentration and monitored its composition as amount of hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide. The distribution of the added metals between the liquid and solid phase has also been monitored.

The results of our investigations show that the addition of any of the listed metals to the sludge may cause the production of a higher amount of biogas and influence the methane or carbon dioxide percentage. Conversely, the effect on the hydrogen production depends upon the metal added, the age of the active sludge used, and its adaptation to the susbtrate. As a general feature, during the acidogenesis phase, nickel reduces, while iron increases, the percentage of dihydrogen in the biogas, while cobalt has no influence.     

电化学法去除有机污染物机理研究进展

电化学方法因其所具有的多功能性、操作简单、易于自动化并且具有环境兼容性等特点而倍受人们重视。近年来 ,国内外研究者对该方法在水处理中的应用进行了广泛的研究 ,并对有机污染物电化学降解机理提出了不同观点 ,本文对这些观点进行了分类 ,并对其中的主要观点进行论述     

Competing esterification and oligomerization reactions of typical long-chain alcohols to secondary organic aerosol formation

Organosulfate (OSA) nanoparticles,as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) compositions,are ubiquitous in urban and rural environments.Hence,we systemically investigated the mechanisms and kinetics of aqueous-phase reactions of 1-butanol/1-decanol (BOL/DOL) and their roles in the formation of OSA nanoparticles by using quantum chemical and kinetic calculations.The mechanism results show that the aqueous-phase reactions of BOL/DOL start from initial protonation at alcoholic OH-groups to form carbenium ...