二氧化氯灭活水中隐孢子虫的影响因素及机理研究

以荧光活体染色法研究了ClO2浓度、灭活时间、浊度、pH值、温度、有机物含量等,对ClO2灭活隐孢子虫效果的影响,并利用扫描电镜和蛋白质实验初步探究了灭活机理.结果显示,当pH7.0,水温为25℃,浊度为1NTU时,投加3mg/L ClO2经过120min,可以达到最适消毒效果(存活率小于1%),隐孢子虫的灭活率与ClO2投加浓度、作用时间成非线性正相关.浊度是影响ClO2灭活隐孢子虫的主要因素,浊度越低,灭活效果越佳;水温(较)低,灭活效果稍差;酸性较于碱性更适宜ClO2灭活隐孢子虫;可溶性有机物一定程度上影响ClO2的灭活效果.扫描电镜和蛋白试验表明,ClO2主要破坏其细胞表面结构,从而引起隐孢子虫死亡.     

·OH自由基介导2,4-二氯酚光降解机理及产物毒性变化特征的理论研究

由于2,4-二氯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,简称2,4-DCP)具有"三致"作用及潜在的生态风险,其光化学降解机理及产物的生态毒理效应目前成为人们关注的焦点。本研究采用理论化学计算手段,系统阐明了2,4-DCP在水环境中·OH介导的间接光化学转化机理、动力学和转化产物的生态毒性变化特征。结果表明2,4-DCP很容易被·OH氧化降解,其降解主要通过·OH-加成和H-迁移路径进行。在低温条件下·OH-加成路径将占主导,主要形成4,6-二氯苯-1,3-二酚;而当温度超过313 K时,·OH提取酚羟基上的氢原子为主要降解途径,主要形成2-氯苯-对苯醌。尤其在活性物种浓度较低的高温环境中,H-迁移路径有可能生成二噁英。计算毒理学结果表明:H-迁移产物的水生毒性超过·OH-加成产物,甚至超出母体2,4-DCP一个毒性等级。因此,我们建议在以后的环境监测以及风险评估过程中,关注2,4-DCP及其转化产物特别是H-迁移路径的转化产物的生态毒理学问题。     

纳米材料对鼠科动物的生殖毒性及致毒机理

纳米材料是近几年应用越来越多的一种新型材料,因此国内外科研单位对其毒性的研究也逐年增加。但是目前对鼠科动物生殖毒性及其机理的了解还相对较少,亟需大量研究填补此领域的空白。本文主要从亲代和子代2个方面阐述了纳米材料对鼠科动物的生殖毒性,从不同生物水平等方面概述了纳米材料对亲子两代鼠科动物的损伤效应及可能的机制。最后,试探性地提出了今后在纳米材料领域对鼠科动物生殖毒性的研究重点。     

Humic substances. Part III. sorptive interactions with environmental chemicals†

The formation of covalent binding to DNA of a carcinogen is now widely accepted to represent a classical mechanism of tumour induction in mammals. This mechanism does not operate with metals since no covalent binding of these agents to DNA does occur. Nevertheless, somatic mutations as typical consequences of DNA‐damage have been reported to be induced by metals in various model systems. Beside DNA‐alkylation such damages can be caused by changes in the conformation of DNA or in the fidelity of DNA‐repair. The activity of the repair enzymes DNA‐polymerases is indeed impaired by many metal ions at least in vitro. It is not yet established whether these mechanisms are also important in the intact mammalian organism. Much evidence has accumulated during the last years that a disturbance of the balance of cations and especially metal ions represents another possible mechanism of tumour induction. The tumours found with high doses of chelating agents such as nitrilo‐triacetic acid (NTA) have to be discussed in this context. Since most—if not—all of the speculative mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis resemble classical pharmacological reactions the existence of a threshold level is likely. So metal carcinogenesis will not be a problem of the environmental contamination at trace levels but a problem of occupational medicine.     

Absorption and retention of polydimethylsiloxanes (silicones) in fish: Preliminary experiments†

Hydrophobicity and bioaccumulation potential of linear and cyclic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomers were estimated by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and feeding experiments with guppies (Poecilia reticulata). PDMS concentrations in fish were determined by capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In contrast to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), only very small amounts of PDMS were retained by the fish after six weeks feeding.     

甲草胺热裂解气相色谱-质谱分析

甲草胺是一种广泛用于农作物上的酰胺类除草剂.本文利用裂解气相色谱与质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)研究了甲草胺在热裂解温度200℃、400℃、600℃、800℃下的降解产物和热降解机理.实验结果表明,共有60种裂解产物被分离鉴定,随着温度的升高甲草胺显著分解,当裂解温度超过600℃时,大量的芳烃类、喹啉类、吲哚类化合物在高温裂解中产生,温度越高他们的相对含量也越高.基于对裂解产物的定性和它们含量的变化提出了甲草胺的热降解机理.     

纳米材料对污水/污泥厌氧消化系统影响的研究进展

随着纳米技术的广泛应用,越来越多的纳米材料进入污水/污泥中,对污水/污泥的厌氧消化过程产生一定的影响。综述了纳米材料特性利用在厌氧消化过程中产生的影响(吸附还原重金属,作为电子供体提高厌氧消化效能,降解难降解有机物,减少硫化氢等),以及纳米材料可能对厌氧消化系统微生物的影响(释放金属离子毒性,通过吸附作用包被微生物细胞,破坏细胞膜,引起遗传物质损伤等)。提出最大限度降低纳米材料对厌氧消化系统微生物危害以及利用纳米材料特性促进污水/污泥厌氧消化过程的可行性。     

农业灾害成灾机理研究

从农业灾害的发生过程入手, 重点探讨了自然变异因子在一定发生阶段上为害农业生产的内在机制, 指出农业抗灾力与农业灾害破坏力之间的矛盾关系     

活性炭吸附水中金属离子和有机物吸附模式和机理的研究

活性炭被用于处理水中多种痕量重金属离子和微量有机物。但在一定的条件下活性炭对一些污染物的吸附去除率很低,为了更好的理解和预测活性炭对水中微污染物的吸附行为,本文对活性炭吸附模式和机理方面的研究进行了综述。活性炭比表面积大,微孔结构丰富,其表面含有丰富的含氧官能团（羧基,酚羟基、羰基、内酯基）活性炭对污染物质的吸附受吸附剂的性质、吸附质的性质和溶液性质等因素的影响。对于金属离子Langmuir和Freundlich模式是活性炭吸附重金属离子的经典经验模式,但表面络合模式能更好的描述变化条件下的吸附现象。活性炭吸附金属离子的主要作用是静电作用和离子交换作用。对于有机物稀溶液条件下的吸附多符舍Freundlich模式。给一受电子作用、扩散作用、静电作用是主要的作用机制。pH对金属离子和有机物的吸附有重要的影响,腐植酸对金属离子有吸附竞争作用。     

Moorhens have an internal representation of their own eggs

How do birds recognize their own eggs? Do they have a stored template for their own egg characteristics, or do they use another mechanism? Intraspecific brood parasitism is considered to be an additional reproductive tactic where females can increase their own reproductive success. Because of the costs involved in rearing young that are not their own, it will pay females to detect and reject the eggs of a parasite, although it is not known how they do this. Here, we show experimentally that moorhens will cease laying in a nest when their first egg is replaced with another hen’s egg but not when it is replaced with their own egg taken from an earlier clutch. This provides good evidence that birds have an internal representation of their own eggs and use this in decisions about whether to reject foreign eggs.