城市污水灌溉对地下水水质的影响分析

污水灌溉在一定程度上能缓解水资源紧张的局面，对保护水资源有一定的益处，又能给农作物带来养分，增加产量。利用河海大学水资源开发利用国家专业实验室的汉王野外基地一汉王试验站，选择以生活污水为主的奎河污水为灌溉水源，通过田间污水灌溉模拟实验，探讨了污染物质在土壤及地下水中的转化规律，为充分利用土地污水处理系统、科学地指导污水灌溉具有实际意义，为污灌的科学管理提供依据。     

典型发达国家适应气候变化资金机制及对中国的启示

气候变化是全人类面临的严峻挑战,我国受到气候变化的不利影响更为显著,加快采取雄心勃勃的适应气候变化行动显得尤为重要,但资金机制一直是我国适应进程中的主要障碍,亟须借鉴国际经验构建完善适应气候变化的资金机制。基于此,本文首先简要分析国际适应气候变化资金机制的基本情况,然后选取适应进程较为完善的美、英、德、日等典型发达国家,分别从适应政策体系、国内适应资金和国际援助资金等三个方面梳理总结各国适应气候变化资金机制,最后分析我国适应气候变化资金机制及存在的问题,并提出对我国适应气候变化资金机制的启示。研究发现,《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其气候变化国际谈判进程是各国推进适应气候变化资金机制的主要动因,发达国家重视适应政策的法制化,但政策力度和运行模式有所不同,公共部门是各国适应资金的主要来源,私人资金潜力尚待挖掘,国际气候援助注重减缓与适应并重,但援助力度有待加强。未来我国应从完善适应气候变化顶层设计、建立适应气候变化资金保障机制、提高适应气候援助力度、加强国际交流与合作等方面完善我国适应气候变化资金机制。     

三工河流域油料作物的农户种植意愿影响因素分析——基于Logistic模型和240户农户微观调查数据

论文以新疆三工河流域27个行政村(连队)240户农户的调查数据为基础,通过建立农户种植油料作物意愿和各自变量的Logistic回归计量模型,从家庭特征因素、 资源禀赋因素、 家庭经济因素和其他因素四大方面分析了农户对油料作物种植意愿的影响因素。研究表明:家庭总人口、 对农业技术服务的态度与农户的种植意愿呈正相关关系,且对农业技术服务的态度标准化系数更大,影响更显著;常年从事农业劳动人数、 户主文化水平和地块位置与之呈反相关关系,且户主文化水平的标准化系数更大,影响更显著。但是反映土地投入、 种地收入以及人均收入没有通过检验,不能得出这几个变量与农户种植油料作物意愿之间的关系。文章最后探讨了兵地差异对农户种植意愿的影响及研究展望。     

在线表征萘二次有机气溶胶硝基多环芳烃

硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)广泛存在于大气气溶胶中,是棕色碳的重要组成部分.萘和其他多环芳烃是NPAHs的重要前体物.为研究NO₂对NPAHs形成的影响,本文利用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪(ALTOFMS)在线测定不同NO₂浓度下萘光氧化形成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的NPAHs组分.实验结果表明,NO₂对NPAHs的产生和萘SOA的形成有促进作用.通过ALTOFMS在线检测、模糊C均值(FCM)聚类分析,结合离线电喷雾电离质谱验证,测得萘酚和羰基化合物是不存在NO₂时萘SOA粒子主要成分,而通过OH-萘加合物和萘酚硝化产生的硝基萘、二硝基萘、硝基萘酚和二硝基萘酚及其衍生物是NO₂存在时萘SOA粒子的主要组分.这为城市大气高浓度NO_x背景下,研究NPAHs的化学组分和形成机理提供了实验依据.     

改性TiO2对废水处理光催化效率的影响研究进展

TiO2材料在紫外光照射下对废水中的有机物具有光催化降解作用,在环境保护污染治理方面有着广阔的应用前景,但其催化效率并不理想。本文介绍了材料TiO2光催化在废水处理中的研究现状,指出了限制TiO2光催化效率的影响因素,并综述了如何提高其光催化效率的几种途径。     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

千岛湖旅游产业对环境的影响

分析研究了旅游产业的发展对环境的影响，对促进旅游对环境协调发展及规划旅游产业都具有指导意义。     

纳米零价铁的生态毒性效应研究进展

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)由于其比表面积大、表面反应活性高以及强还原性,可以作为一种高效的环境修复材料,广泛运用于污染地下水及土壤修复。大量的n ZVI颗粒直接注射到污染位点会增加生态系统的暴露可能性,并且由于n ZVI粒径特别小,能穿过细胞膜和生物体的各类天然屏障,对环境及生态系统存在潜在风险,因此科学家们开始更多地关注n ZVI的生物安全性研究。鉴于n ZVI在环境修复应用中的巨大潜力和可能的毒性效应,对n ZVI环境风险的研究也显得尤为重要。综述了近几年国内外关于n ZVI生态毒性的研究成果,n ZVI对病毒、细菌、微生物群落、以及动植物等都能导致一定的负面效应,尽管其毒性机制尚不明确,但普遍认为n ZVI暴露后铁离子的释放和氧化损伤确实可以引起生物效应,部分研究还分析了环境因素和表面改性对其毒性的影响。文章对其未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后纳米零价铁的研究提供参考。     

胞外聚合物EPS在废水生物除磷中的作用

对EPS在废水生物除磷中的作用机理进行系统研究,探讨和完善生物除磷机理.试验结果表明,在生物除磷系统中,EPS贮存了部分磷,在生物除磷中起着重要的作用.在厌氧.好氧交替过程中.EPS中磷含量呈厌氧减少、好氧增加的周期性变化;污泥中的磷有82%左右被聚磷菌吸收,另外18%左右的磷聚集在EPS中;一个运行周期中基质所减少的磷84.3%被聚磷菌过量吸收,15.7%被贮存于EPS中;EPS对磷的去除能力与EPS的含量正相关.此外,泥龄对EPS影响较大,对EPS在生物除磷中的作用影响显著,泥龄越长,EPS含量越高,EPS中所贮存的磷含量越高.而磷负荷对EPS除磷影响不显著.     

Measuring and explaining the EU’s effect on national climate performance

ABSTRACT

To what extent has the European Union (EU) had a benign or retarding effect on what its member states would have undertaken in the absence of EU climate policies during 2008–2012? A measurement tool for the EU policy’s effect is developed and shows a benign average EU effect with considerable variation across countries. The EU’s policy effectiveness vis-à-vis its member states is explained by the EU’s non-compliance mechanism, the degree of usage of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, and national pre-Kyoto emission reduction goals. Time-series cross-sectional analyses show that the EU’s non-compliance mechanism has no effect, while the ex-ante plans for using Kyoto flexible mechanisms and/or the ambitious pre-Kyoto emission reduction targets allow member states to escape constraints imposed by EU climate policy.