污泥灰渣中重金属煅烧脱除规律研究及安全性评价

污泥目前被认为是磷酸盐矿的二次资源,焚烧处理可实现污泥中磷资源的浓缩富集,但其中重金属毒性问题尚待解决.该文以污泥焚烧灰渣为研究对象,利用马弗炉进行煅烧实验,通过改变反应时间(从10 min到60 min)、温度(从900℃到1200℃)及CaCl2的添加量(以Cl计,从1.5%到8.0%)研究重金属(Pb、Zn和Cu)的去除率及在煅烧灰渣中的赋存形态.结果表明:Pb有较高的去除率,且其去除率均随温度、时间及Cl含量的升高而升高,在1200℃、Cl含量为5.0%的时候有最大值为82.4%;Zn的去除率受温度的影响较大,高温时Zn有较高的去除率,且在1100℃时有最大值为83.9%;Cu的去除率较低,而在温度为1100℃时有最大的去除率为68.2%.就煅烧灰渣中重金属的赋存形态而言,各种工况下Pb在煅烧灰渣中均以残渣态存在;Zn在煅烧灰渣中主要也是以残渣态存在;Cu在煅烧后还存在一定的酸溶态,在900℃、煅烧10min时煅烧灰渣中酸溶态可达29.2%.增加CaCl2的添加量可以促进重金属的去除,同时使煅烧底渣中的重金属更稳定.地累积指数(Igeo)评价结果显示,煅烧底渣中的这3种重金属的污染程度都降低了.     

A comparative study on the alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste

An alternating mesophilic and thermophilic two stage anaerobic digestion(AD) process was conducted. The temperature of the acidogenic(A) and methanogenic(M) reactors was controlled as follows: System 1(S1) mesophilic A-mesophilic M;(S2) mesophilic A-thermophilic M; and(S3)thermophilic A-mesophilic M. Initially, the AD reactor was acclimatized and inoculated with digester sludge. Food waste was added with the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) concentrations of41.4–47.0 g/L and volatile fatty acids of 2.0–3.2 g/L. Based on the results, the highest total chemical oxygen demand removal(86.6%) was recorded in S2 while S3 exhibited the highest SCOD removal(96.6%). Comparing S1 with S2, total solids removal increased by 0.5%; S3 on the other hand decreased by 0.1 % as compared to S1. However, volatile solids(VS) removal in S1, S2, and S3was 78.5%, 81.7%, and 79.2%, respectively. S2 also exhibited the highest CH4 content, yield, and production rate of 70.7%, 0.44 L CH4/g VSadded, and 1.23 L CH4/(L·day), respectively. Bacterial community structure revealed that the richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance of S2 were high except for the archaeal community. The terminal restriction fragments dendrogram also revealed that the microbial community of the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors in S2 was distinct. Therefore,S2 was the best among the systems for the operation of two-stage AD of food waste in terms of CH4production, nutrient removal, and microbial community structure.     

ABR-MBR一体化工艺节能降耗措施优化研究

能耗高和膜污染是限制膜生物反应器(MBR)广泛应用的重要因素.为降低工艺运行能耗和延缓膜污染,以厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-MBR工艺处理生活污水为例,对工艺结构和脱氮除磷运行条件进行优化.结果表明,通过优化ABR-MBR工艺结构,可降低43%的运行能耗,同时可保持较高的COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除效果,平均去除率分别为91%、85%、76%和86%.另外,添加颗粒填料可有效延缓膜污染,不过也改变了膜污染的形成过程,膜内部污染物含量显著增多,碳水化合物含量增加,而蛋白质含量减少,碳水化合物/蛋白质比明显增大.最终,增强了MBR反应器的实际应用性能.     

Early Vegetation Development on an Exposed Reservoir: Implications for Dam Removal

The 4-year drawdown of Horsetooth Reservoir, Colorado, for dam maintenance, provides a case study analog of vegetation response on sediment that might be exposed from removal of a tall dam. Early vegetation recovery on the exposed reservoir bottom was a combination of (1) vegetation colonization on bare, moist substrates typical of riparian zones and reservoir sediment of shallow dams and (2) a shift in moisture status from mesic to the xeric conditions associated with the pre-impoundment upland position of most of the drawdown zone. Plant communities changed rapidly during the first four years of exposure, but were still substantially different from the background upland plant community. Predictions from the recruitment box model about the locations of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood) seedlings relative to the water surface were qualitatively confirmed with respect to optimum locations. However, the extreme vertical range of water surface elevations produced cottonwood seed regeneration well outside the predicted limits of drawdown rate and height above late summer stage. The establishment and survival of cottonwood at high elevations and the differences between the upland plant community and the community that had developed after four years of exposure suggest that vegetation recovery following tall dam removal will follow a trajectory very different from a simple reversal of the response to dam construction, involving not only long time scales of establishment and growth of upland vegetation, but also possibly decades of persistence of legacy vegetation established during the reservoir to upland transition.     

Color removal from dye-containing wastewater by magnesium chloride

Color removal by MgCl(2) when treating synthetic waste containing pure dyes was studied. The color removal efficiency of MgCl(2)/Ca(OH)(2) was compared with that of Al(2)(SO(4))(3), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and FeSO(4)/Ca(OH)(2). The mechanism of color removal by MgCl(2) was also investigated. The experimental results show that the color removal efficiency of MgCl(2) is related to the type of dye and depends on the pH of the waste and the dosage of the coagulants used. Treatment of waste containing reactive dye or dispersed dye with MgCl(2) yielded an optimum color removal ratio when the pH of the solution was equal to or above 12.0. For both the reactive and dispersed dye waste, MgCl(2)/Ca(OH)(2) was shown to be superior to MgCl(2)/NaOH, Al(2)(SO(4))(3), PAC and FeSO(4)/Ca(OH)(2) for color removal. A magnesium hydroxide precipitate formed at pH values greater than 12.0, which provided a large adsorptive surface area and a positive electrostatic surface charge, enabling it to remove the dyes through charge neutralization and an adsorptive coagulating mechanism. So, the MgCl(2)/Ca(OH)(2) system is a viable alternative to some of the more conventional forms of chemical treatment, especially for treating actual textile waste with high natural pH.     

燃煤锅炉NID脱硫系统的设计与应用

介绍了新型一体化NID半干法脱硫系统的工艺原理、NID技术特点、系统组成、设计参数和运行情况.     

酵母生物转化生产2-苯乙醇的研究进展

主要论述了利用酵母菌生物转化合成天然2苯乙醇的研究进展,从应用微生物学的角度介绍了2苯乙醇生产菌株的筛选,分析了2苯乙醇合成过程中几方面因素的影响和培养条件的选择,并对产物原位转移技术作了简要说明.并从分子生物学的角度出发,对生物转化的重点途径———艾利希途径在基因水平上作了诠释,且例举了利用从头合成途径进行的基因工程育种,旨在为利用微生物生产2苯乙醇的研究开发提供参考.图1参40     

铅离子印迹电化学传感器的制备及检测性能研究

重金属因其具有高毒性、致癌性和潜在的生物积累性，引发的环境问题受到广泛关注。为精确监测环境中的重金属污染，结合电化学分析和离子印迹技术的优势，构筑了对铅离子的高灵敏电化学传感器。利用铅离子作为模板，采用3-（γ-氨基乙氨基）-丙基-三甲基硅烷作为功能单体，在介孔硅表面，通过共缩聚法制备了离子印迹聚合物，并将其作为电化学传感器的核心识别元件。经过优化碳糊电极的组成，制备了一系列高选择性的离子印迹电化学传感器，并对其电化学行为进行了分析。测试结果表明，所制传感器对铅离子的检测线性范围为10^-9～10^-6 mol/L，且检出限达到1.3×10^-11mol/L（信噪比=3）。在对河水和大米等实际样品的检测中，传感器展现了高灵敏性（相对标准偏差为2.5%～7.4%）和高准确性（回收率为98.8%～102.9%），表明其在环境监测和食品安全检测方面具有应用潜力。     

50 Hz alternating extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect excitability,firing and action potential shape through interaction with ionic channels in snail neurones

In spite of growing concern about the influence of magnetic fields on biological systems, the interaction between extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF magnetic fields) and biological structures at the cellular level remains obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate if 50 Hz magnetic fields could have an effect on the neuronal excitability and firing responses. Under Current-Clamp condition, exposure to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 2 mT or 0.8 mT intensities resulted in an increase in the peak amplitude of action potential and after hyperpolaization potential in a time dependent manner. Both magnetic field intensities decreased also the firing frequency and the duration of action potential. Taken together, these data suggest that 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 2 mT or 0.8 mT intensities may change the electrophysiological behavior of neuronal cells and underlying ion channel currents.     

Evaluating peats for their capacities to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure using headspace “solid‐phase microextraction”

Abstract

This paper reports on research designed to investigate the capacities of different highly characterized peats to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure (LSM). Peat types representing a wide range of properties were tested in order to establish which chemical and physical properties might be most indicative of their capacities to remediate odors produced by LSM. Eight percent slurries (of peat/LSM) were measured for odor changes after 24 hours using odor panel and GC/MS‐Solid‐phase microextraction (GC/MS‐SPME) analysis.

The GC/MS‐SPME and odor panel results indicated that, although all peats tested in this study were found to be effective at removing odor‐causing compounds found in LSM, some peats tended to work better than others. Overall, the peats that were the most effective at removing odor‐causing compounds tended to have lower bulk densities, ash contents, fulvic acids contents, and guaiacyl lignins contents,and higher water holding capacities, hydraulic conductivities, “total other lignins”; contents, hydrogen contents, carbon contents, and total cellulose contents.

GC/MS‐SPME analysis was found to be a reasonably inexpensive and efficient way of conducting this type of research. It allows one to identify a large number of the odor‐causing compounds found in LSM, and more importantly, to detect with some precision specific differences in the amounts of these compounds between peat types.