北京市能源利用对空气质量的影响分析和预测

为评价能源消耗对未来北京市空气质量的影响,以2000年为基准年,2008年为目标年,建立了北京市城八区能源利用相关的一次PM₁₀、SO₂和Nox的排放清单,采用空气质量模型,模拟城八区内各污染物浓度的时空分布,分析其排放和浓度分布特征及行业分担率,并预测2008年的空气质量.结果表明,对于能源消耗排放的一次PM₁₀和SO₂,工业排放对其浓度的贡献率在40%以上;机动车排放对Nox浓度的贡献率在65%左右;按照现行的政策和发展趋势,2008年北京市城八区的空气质量将有所好转,与能源利用相关的一次PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂在各监测点的年日均浓度分别约为25,50,51μg/m³.     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants (FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations. The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2-31,283.3 μg/m³, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1-23,144.4 μg/m³. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds (oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds, particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.     

水稻产量、稻田CH4和N2O排放对长期大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度升高（[CO₂]_e）是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响稻田生态系统碳氮循环.深入探究长期（大于10 a）[CO₂]_e对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,对保障粮食安全和评估未来气候变化意义重大.本研究以高、低应答水稻品种为供试材料,利用连续运行14 a的[CO₂]升高（free-air CO₂ enrichment,FACE）平台,共设置2个[CO₂]处理：对照（正常[CO₂],[CO₂]_a）和在[CO₂]_a基础上升高200 μmol·mol^-1（[CO₂]_e）.采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法测定稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量,并测定水稻产量.结果表明,对比[CO₂]_a,长期[CO₂]_e分别增加高、低应答水稻品种产量29%~31%（P<0.05）和12%~14%（P>0.05）;分别减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田CH₄排放21%~59%和11%~54%;同时,分别显著减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田N₂O排放70%（P<0.05）和40%（P<0.05）.水稻产量、稻田CH₄排放对长、短期[CO₂]_e的响应具有明显差异,随着[CO₂]_e年限的增加,水稻产量和稻田CH₄排放的增幅显著下降,而稻田N₂O排放无明显变化.综合考虑,长期[CO₂]_e条件下,高应答水稻品种为优先考虑种植的"增产减排"水稻品种.     

新疆二氧化硫排放环境学习曲线及减排潜力研究

基于2005—2010年SO2排放量和经济发展数据,对该时段的SO2排放环境负荷变化进行分析并以此数据构建了新疆三大地区万元产值SO2排放量随人均GDP变化的环境学习曲线;以所建立的环境学习曲线为依据,分析2005—2010年万元产值SO,的减排潜力,并对新疆“十二五”期间不同地区万元SO2的节能减排潜力进行了预测。结果表明：经济发展水平越高的地区,万元产值SO2排放环境负荷越小,减排潜力越小;经济发展水平越低的地区,万元产值SO2排放环境负荷越大,减排潜力也越大。研究结果将为“十二五”自治区SO2排放总量控制及减排指标提供科学依据。     

不同量碳源输入梯度下果园排水沟底泥氮素反硝化与N2O排放研究

果园是太湖地区重要的经济作物,但是氮肥投入量大,氮素损失严重,使得排水沟道的活化氮浓度高,碳氮比下降,碳源可能是影响沟道底泥硝化与反硝化作用的限制因子.因此,采集了果园排水沟道沉积物,在实验室条件下,设计了C_0、C_1、C_2、C_3、C_4这5种有机碳源(葡萄糖)浓度水平,分别为0、5、25、50和100 mg·L~(-1),同时分别输入了5 mg·L-1的硝酸钾溶液.采用乙炔抑制法来研究果园排水沟道土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明,加入碳源使土壤的反硝化速率(DN)和N_2O排放速率均有一定的增加,碳氮比对N_2O排放速率和DN的影响均极为显著(P0.05);碳氮比为10∶1时,累积反硝化损失总量和N_2O累积排放总量均较大(分别为319.26μg·kg~(-1)和6.20μg·kg~(-1)),占净氮的输入量比例均较高(分别为1.28%和0.02%),说明该处理情况下虽然对于沟道反硝化非常有利,利于去除土壤底泥中富集的氮素,但同时也增加了温室气体N_2O的排放.     

Combined Non-Catalytic Reduction of NOx and SO2 by Ammonia Liquor during Staged Fluidized-Bed Combustion

Emissions of NOx and SO2 were monitored in the presence of ammonia liquor in a 0.09 m2 and 2 m high stainless-steel fluidized-bed combustor. Experiments were carried out at 2 m/s fluidizing velocity, 40% excess air, and 870 °C bed temperature. Ammonia liquor with 7% ammonia by weight was injected into the freeboard of the combustor 52 cm above the distributor through a water-cooled injector. A 65 : 34 primary/secondary air ratio was maintained throughout the investigation. Approximately 70% of NO and 20% of SO2 was reduced at an NH3/NO molar ratio of 2 : 1, respectively. However, a higher reduction in SO2 emissions (62%) was achieved at a very high NH3/NO molar ratio of 7 : 1. These experiments showed that ammonia addition did have a significant effect in SO2 reduction if injected in an excess amount. The injection of ammonia liquor combined with staged combustion was found to be very effective in reducing NOx emissions. A reduction of about 50% was achieved at an NH3/NO molar ratio of 0.6 : 1 which is also coupled with a very low level of ammonia in the flue.     

Reduction of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources including coal combustion

Mercury(Hg)ranks number three,after arsenic(As)and lead(Pb),on the Substance Priority List of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR,2019).M...     

前体物排放变化对珠江三角洲地区秋季臭氧污染演变的影响研究

自2013年以来,珠三角地区SO₂、NO_x及颗粒物等污染物浓度逐渐下降,但臭氧污染日渐凸显.作为二次污染物,臭氧污染演变受到排放与气象条件共同影响.而评估本地前体物人为排放变化、外部传输和气象变化对臭氧污染演变的影响,并识别臭氧污染长期演变趋势的重要驱动因素,是开展区域臭氧污染防控的关键基础.因此,本文采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模拟平台,以2006—2017年广东省和中国大气污染物排放趋势清单为输入清单,以2014年的气象数据为基准年气象场,通过设置不同案例,结合观测数据,定量评估本地、外部排放变化和气象变化对珠三角秋季O₃污染长期演变趋势的影响.结果表明：在2006—2017年期间,整个珠三角9—10月臭氧日最大8 h(MDA8)浓度上升主要由人为排放变化主导,平均每年贡献0.7μg·m^-3,而气象条件总体上抑制了2006—2017年期间珠三角秋季臭氧MDA8浓度的增长,使得秋季臭氧MDA8浓度上升速率下降为0.2μg·m^-3·a^-1;人为排放变化...     

Soil Contamination by Pb, Zn and Cn from a Lead Smeltery

In the environment of a lead smeltery contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium was measured over a 15-year period. Efficient bag filters were installed in order to remove dust from the flue gases. This measure of improvement resulted in a drastic reduction of lead, zinc and cadmium content in suspended particles (by 92, 94 and 89%), to a lesser extent in depositions (by 79, 75 and 68%), whereas in household dust the reduction was considerably lower (by 53, 55 and 70%). It can be assumed that household dust contains also redispersed soil particles on which the dust from the smeltery flue gases has deposited over years. To determine to what extent contaminated soil continues to cause increased population exposure directly or through plants or pastures, in the period 1981–1985 the content of metallic ions in the soil was measured at three depths. Selective solubility of soil metallic compounds was analysed in water, in 1 mol ammoniumacetate solution and in 0.05 mol ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution in relation to their solubility in suspended particles, depositions and household dust. A considerably low portion of soluble metallic compounds was found in the soil and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and portion of metallic ions bound to fulvice and humic acids were determined. The behaviour of metallic ions in contact with soil samples was studied in laboratory and it was found that approximately 50% of lead, 70% of zinc and 7% of cadmium ions change into non-soluble or poorly soluble compounds. By qualitative phase analysis in the non-soluble fraction PbO₂, Pb₃P₄O₁₃, Zn(OH)₂, ZnO, Fe₂O₃ and Cd(OH)₂ were identified.     

Experimental and Numerical Verification of Similarity Concept for Dispersion of Car Exhaust Gases in Urban Street Canyons

In urban conditions, car exhaust gases are often emitted inside poorly ventilated street canyons. One may suppose however that moving cars can themselves produce a certain ventilation effect in addition to natural air motions. Such ventilation mechanism is not sufficiently studied so far. A similarity criterion relating the vehicle- and wind-induced components of turbulent motion in an urban street canyon was proposed in 1982 by E. J. Plate for wind tunnel modelling purposes. The present study aims at further evaluation of the criterion and its applicability for a variety of wind and traffic conditions. This is accomplished by joint analyses of data from numerical simulations and wind tunnel measurements.