中西部地区发展低碳经济的政策困境与出路

低碳经济包含三个核心要素,即发展目标、减排和成本。发展低碳经济就是要在这三者之间达成一种平衡,也就是在保证发展目标的前提下,实现低排放和低成本。如果单纯为了经济快速转型和兑现减排承诺,而制定和实施强制减排政策,必然引发各种经济冲突和社会矛盾,从而使低碳经济发展陷入困境。从根本上讲,应该把低碳经济纳入国家整体发展规划进行考量,而不仅仅是作为工业减排的附属品。     

中国各省区经济发展与碳排放脱钩关系研究

哥本哈根大会以后,减排成为国际社会关注的焦点,因此深入研究并判断各省区经济增长与碳排放之间的脱钩关系有着重要的理论意义与现实意义.本文基于Tapio脱钩指标对1999-2008十年间各省区碳排放与经济增长之间的脱钩关系进行测度,结果显示近十年来我国绝大部分省区经济增长与碳排放之间呈现弱脱钩状态,经济增长速度大于碳排放增长速度,表明减排工作取得初步成效;在对脱钩弹性指标进行因果链分解后表明,工业领域能源利用效率的提高为碳排放增长速度的减缓起到了重要作用.尽管如此,我国未来面临的减排形势依然严峻:近年来工业产值在国民经济中的比重上升,经济结构的"重型化"趋势导致对能源的需求量增大,加上我国在新能源开发领域的不足,煤炭在总体能源消费结构中的主体地位进一步加强,单位能源消费产生的碳排放进一步上升,能源消费"高碳化"特征加尉,对以后的节能减排工作形成挑战,文章最后提出了开展减排的政策建议.     

中国省级CO2排放影响因素的空间计量分析

提出面板数据空间误差分量模型,采用基于广义矩1估计的可行广义最小二乘法估计方法,研究1997-2007年间,我国省级CO2排放的影响因素.实证结果表明,我国省级CO2排放量存在显著的正向空间相关性,CO2排放较多的省份往往会影响邻近地区的CO2排放;CO2排放量与人均GDP呈倒N型环境库兹涅兹曲线.未考虑空间相关性时,CO2排放转折点为人均GDP 51 73O元,我国目前仍处于CO2排放量上升期;采用面板数据空间误差分量模型修正后,CO2排放下降转折点为人均GDP约53 237元,较未考虑空间因素时有所提高,省际间的空间相互影响,对CO2排放下降转折点的人均GDP提出更高的要求;实证研究结果同时显示,煤炭消费比重提高及人口数量增大,都将显著增加我国CO2排放量,体现优化能源结构和控制人口增长对抑制CO2排放增长的重要性.     

中国的能源发展与应对气候变化

我国当前经济社会发展既受到资源环境的瓶颈性制约,也受到全球应对气候变化、减缓碳排放的严峻挑战.我国大力推进节能和减缓CO2排放,GDP的CO2强度下降速度为世界瞩目,但由于工业化阶段GDP快速增长,CO2排放仍呈增长快、总量大的趋势.我国把国内可持续发展与全球应对气候变化相协调,实现绿色、低碳发展.加强产业结构的战略性调整,进行产业升级,促进结构节能;大力推广节能技术,淘汰落后产能,提高能源效率;积极发展新能源和可再生能源,优化能源结构,降低能源结构的含碳率,中近期以大幅度降低GDP的能源强度和CO2强度为主要目标,到2030年前后要努力使CO2排放达到峰值,到2050年再有较大幅度的下降,以适应全球控制温升不超过2℃长期减排目标下国际合作应对气候变化的进程和形势.“十二五”期间将进一步强化措施,进行能源消费总量控制,建立CO2排放统计、核算和考核体系,积极推进碳交易市场机制,这也将成为加快转变经济发展方式的重要着力点.     

用空气加热器减少轻型汽油车低温冷启动时HC、CO 排放量的研究

按照《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段)》(GB 18352.3-2005)的测试规范,在一辆轻型汽油车上使用空气加热器进行发动机进气预热,并测定了车辆低温冷启动时的HC、CO排放量.结果表明,发动机启动后24 s左右,HC的瞬态排放量达到最大值,HC的排放主要集中在启动后的前150 s左右;发动机启动...     

Research on the effects of command-and-control and market-oriented policy tools on China’s energy conservation and emissions reduction innovation

The impact of environmental regulation on technology innovation is a hot spot in current research where a large number of empirical studies are based on Porter Hypothesis (PH). However, there are still controversies in academia about the establishment of “weak” and “narrow” versions of PH. Based on the panel data of application for patent of energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) technology of Chinese city scale during 2008–2014, comprehensive energy price, pollutant emission, etc., mixed regression model and systematic generalized method of moments method were adopted, respectively, to study the impact of market-oriented and command-and-control policy tool on China’s ECER technology innovation. The results show that the environmental regulation hindered the technological innovation in the immediate phase; however, it turned out to be positive in the first-lag phase. Hence, the establishment of “weak” PH is time-bounded. The command-and-control policy tool played a more positive role in promoting technological innovation in the first-lag phase than market-oriented policy tool. Therefore, “narrow” PH is not tenable. The reason is that the main participants of China’s ECER technology innovation are state-owned companies and public institutions. Regionally speaking, the impact which command-and-control policy tool has on technological innovation at sight was non-significant in the eastern, the central, and the western regions of China whilst market-oriented policy tool had a negative effect. And market-oriented policy tool in the central region had strongest negative effect, which would diminish in the eastern region and become weakest in the western region. This was related to regional energy consumption level and the market economic vitality.     

Experimental and Numerical Verification of Similarity Concept for Dispersion of Car Exhaust Gases in Urban Street Canyons

In urban conditions, car exhaust gases are often emitted inside poorly ventilated street canyons. One may suppose however that moving cars can themselves produce a certain ventilation effect in addition to natural air motions. Such ventilation mechanism is not sufficiently studied so far. A similarity criterion relating the vehicle- and wind-induced components of turbulent motion in an urban street canyon was proposed in 1982 by E. J. Plate for wind tunnel modelling purposes. The present study aims at further evaluation of the criterion and its applicability for a variety of wind and traffic conditions. This is accomplished by joint analyses of data from numerical simulations and wind tunnel measurements.     

Industrial pollution transport. Part 2. Control of industrial emissions

Solutions of the pollution transport problem and its adjoint are used to monitor mean pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone. Four strategies of control over pollutants released into the atmosphere by industrial plants are suggested. They differ by the restrictions imposed on the emission rate of each plant. All the strategies use solutions of the adjoint transport problem and assure the fulfillment of the sanitary norm in the zone. A linear interpolation of these strategies also brings pollution level in the zone down to the sanitary norm. A method of detecting the plants violating the prescribed emission rates is also given. A simple example is given to illustrate the strategies suggested.     

新颁行业排放标准解读

基于对2008年新颁布的7个行业12个污染物排放标准与原执行排放标准的比较,总结了新标准制定的特点,指出新标准执行的关键是充分掌握企业所处的地理位置、建厂时间、生产工艺、污染物排放去向等。提出正确选用标准、监测能力的开发、监管的加强是执行新标准时尚须解决的问题。