Caddis flies (Trichoptera) in the benthos and food of fish from streams of the Pechora-Ilych State Biosphere Reserve, the northern Urals

Data on the numbers and biomass of caddis fly species (Trichoptera) in the benthos and in the diets of fish from streams of the Pechora-Ilych State Reserve (the northern Urals) are provided. In the diets of grayling and juvenile Atlantic salmon caught in the rivers of the reserve, 17 and 10 species of caddis flies have been identified. As a rule, one to three species (in most cases, two species) prevail in the diet of fish.     

Pinelands national reserve: An intergovernmental approach to nature preservation

The Pinelands National Reserve was created in 1978 when private interests and federal, state, and local governments allied to protect 378,000 ha (935,000 acres) of New Jersey's Pine Barrens from encroaching development. An intergovernmental authority, the Pinelands Commission, manages the reserve by implementing a regional plan to guide development away from environmentally sensitive areas and into designated growth centers. Through transferable development rights, financial gains from development in growth centers are used to compensate owners and localities in the reserve who might otherwise have developed their lands. The national reserve strategy contrasts with other federal strategies for preserving unique environments in which the federal government exercises exclusive control (e.g., national parks, monuments, and recreation areas). This article describes the strategy applied in the Pinelands and discusses the conditions in which it may be more or less effective than other strategies used to protect unique or valued landscapes. It then compares the Pinelands model with the strategies and conditions of california's Redwood National Park and Point Reyes National Seashore to develop propositions about the circumstances in which one or another strategy is more likely to be viable. Finally, it applies these propositions to the possibilities for future forest preservation in New England.     

Human impact on the landscape of small islands in the West-Estonian archipelago

Research on the development of the interrelationships between society and environment is crucial for the understanding of contemporary landscapes. The West-Estonian archipelago provides an opportunity for such investigations because of its small size, landscape diversity, and well-defined economic activities. The contemporary landscapes of the islands reflect environmental changes resulting from centuries of human activity. This paper describes both natural and human factors in the change in landscape of small Estonian islands during the last centuries. During the period 1850–1940, human activity diversified the landscape structure. During World War II, with the establishment of Soviet rule, the islets were depopulated; their landscape became more uniform and lost their economic and ecological vitality. The re-establishment of private ownership of land and a market economy is predicted to result in positive changes in the landscape of the islets.     

物元分析法在盐城自然保护区近海海域水质评价中的应用

物元分析是用来处理在某些条件下用通常的方法无法达到预期目标的不相容问题的一种分析方法,本研究在简要阐述物元分析基本理论思想的基础上,应用该方法对盐城自然保护区近海海域水质进行综合评价。结果表明：该海域水质符合GB3097—1997海水水质的二类标准,水域污染类型以氮磷营养盐为主。评价结果既客观地反映了该海域的综合水质现状,又能直观表达各污染指标的贡献权重,计算过程意义明确、条理严密、可复制性强,可在其他环境因素的质量评价理论方法和应用中借鉴和推广。     

重庆大木山木本植物区系及植物资源特点

基于野外调查资料,对位于三峡库区腹心地带的大木山的木本植物区系及资源特点进行研究,以期为该地区生物多样性保护和可持续利用提供依据.野外调查共发现木本植物738种,隶属于86科、288属.其中裸子植物6科、10属、15种,双子叶植物77科、271属、699种,单子叶植物3科、7属、24种.乔木268种,灌木398种,木质藤本72种.科的组成优势现象十分明显,含10种以上的科有26个,包含164属、526种植物,分别占该区木本植物总属数和总种数的56.94%和71.27%,是该区木本植物区系构成的主导成分.木本植物区系成分复杂,属的分布类型有14个,种的分布类型有12个,区系具有明显的过渡性特征.有483个中国特有种分布于该地区,占总种数的65.71%,其中27.12%的物种为华中植物区特有种.13个地区的聚类分析表明大木山与华中植物区和华东植物区关系最为密切.木本植物资源以药用、材用、观赏、食用类为主,古老孑遗植物和珍稀濒危植物丰富.图l表5参35     

井冈山两种典型森林土壤有机碳密度及其影响因素的比较

森林土壤有机碳是土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,研究森林土壤有机碳及其影响因素对于应对气候变化具有非常重要意义。以井冈山自然保护区两种典型森林类型（常绿阔叶林和人工杉木林）为研究对象,各选取12个样地,对比分析了两种森林土壤有机碳密度的垂直分布特征以及与年均温、年降雨量之间的相关性。结果表明：①常绿阔叶林0-100cm层平均土壤有机碳密度为（25．65±3,27）kg-^2,大于人工杉木林0-100cm层平均土壤有机碳密度为（20．37±3．37）kg·m^2;②常绿阔叶林和人工杉木林土壤有机碳密度均随土壤深度的增加显著减少;③常绿阔叶林与人工杉木林土壤有机碳密度随年均温的变化趋势差异较明显,常绿阔叶林0-100cm层土壤有机碳密度随年均温的上升呈显著增加趋势（P〈0．05）,而人工杉木林随年均温的上升先减小后增加再减小,且变化趋势显著（P〈0．05）;④常绿阔叶林与人工杉木林土壤有机碳密度随年降雨量的变化趋势差异亦明显,常绿阔叶林0-100cm层土壤有机碳密度随年降雨量的增加呈显著减小趋势（P〈O．05）,而人工杉木林随年降雨量的增加先增加后减少再增加,且变化趋势极显著（P〈0．005）;⑤森林土壤有机碳质量分数与土壤容重呈极显著负相关（P〈0．0001）。     

Economic assessment of rewilding versus agri-environmental nature management

Policies aiming at improving biodiversity often consist of costly agri-environmental schemes, i.e. subsidized grazing or mowing of semi-natural areas. However, these practices have widely been found to be insufficient to mitigate biodiversity loss. Rewilding, i.e. restoring natural processes in self-sustaining biodiverse ecosystems, has been proposed as an alternative and is hypothesized to be a more cost-efficient approach to promote biodiversity conservation. Rewilding requires the availability of large natural areas which are not allocated for farming, forestry, and infrastructure to avoid potential conflicts over the use of the area. We perform an ex-ante private cost–benefit analysis of the establishment of four large nature reserves for rewilding in Denmark. We analyse the economic effects of changing from summer grazing in nature areas in combination with cultivated fields and forestry to the establishment of nature reserves in four case areas. We consider two scenarios involving conversion of agriculture and forestry areas into natural areas in combination with either extensive year-round cattle grazing or rewilding with wild large herbivores. In two case areas, it appears possible to establish large nature areas without incurring extra costs. Additionally, rewilding further reduces costs compared to year-round cattle grazing. Two opposing effects were dominant: increased economic rent occurred from the shift from summer grazing to year-round grazing or rewilding, while cessation of agriculture and forestry caused opportunity costs.     

现代语境下"天人合一"思想解读

“天人合一”是中国古代思想家对于天人关系的基本认识,主张遵循自然规律．实现人和自然的和谐发展．这一思想对于生态保护与天人关系的协调发展具有重要意义。经济全球化时代。探寻“天人合一”向“天人和谐”可持续发展观的现代性转化的途径,将有助于我们重瓤认识自然,正确把握环境保护与经济发展的辩证关系,培养人类的道德责任意识及科学实践精神,为现代生态伦理学的建立和可持续发展战略的实施提供帮助。     

祁连山自然保护区生态承载力分析与评价

以层次分析法和模糊模式识别为基础,建立生态承载力综合评价模型,重点分析祁连山自然保护区森林、草地和农田3种受人类活动干扰最强烈的生态系统的生态承载力和生态荷载,在此基础上进一步分析整个保护区的总体生态承载力和生态荷载。结果显示,祁连山区域生态系统已经受到人类活动的强烈干扰,生态荷载总体处于严重超载状态。但区域生态系统内部各子系统之间以及生态荷载的空间分布存在差异。其中,森林子系统和草地子系统属于严重超载,农田子系统属于中度超载;在总体生态荷载的空间分布上,西北部地区比东南部地区超载更为严重;就各子系统的生态荷载状况而言,森林子系统和草地子系统的超载程度均表现为东南部地区略低于西北部地区,但农田子系统东南部地区超载程度高于西北部地区。