黄河中游砒砂岩地区长川流域土壤侵蚀情景分析

根据已有研究成果和相关资料,采用情景分析(scenario analysis)法,评价黄河中游砒砂岩地区长川流域实施不同水土保持和退耕还林(草)措施对土壤侵蚀的影响.结果表明:水土保持生物措施和工程措施减少土壤侵蚀的效益显著,相对而言,退耕还林(草)对流域总体土壤侵蚀影响不大.水土保持和退耕还林(草)的组合情景方案对土壤侵蚀影响较大,部分组合情景的土壤侵蚀甚至可低于土壤侵蚀背景值.可见,水土保持措施结合退耕还林(草)可以控制和减少研究区土壤侵蚀.在今后水土流失综合治理过程中,应首推生物和工程措施辅以退耕还林(草)措施.     

Input- and output-oriented approaches to implementing ecosystem management

Input- and output-oriented approaches to landscape management have distinct roles for resource protection, environmental restoration, and sustainable land management. Implementing recent proposals for ecosystem management in the western United States involves a synthesis of input and output management. Within the broader context of ecosystem management, input management focuses on tailoring land use to the landscape, whereas output management employs assessments of resource condition to trigger modified management activity once resources are degraded to specified threshold conditions. Current approaches to landscape-scale management, however, tend to rely primarily on output-oriented strategies that are most effective for monitoring environmental conditions. Current uses of input management focus on environmental impact assessments, which generally are site- or project-specific analyses. The compeexity and dynamic nature of ecosystems, and the range of scales over which ecological processes operate, imply that development and incorporation of input-oriented approaches into landscape-scale management is necessary to implement ecosystem management as a strategy for sustainable land use.     

绿洲浅层地下水位与水质变化对人为驱动LUCC的响应——以三工河流域为例

以新疆三工河流域绿洲为例,应用遥感、地理信息系统、空间插值和统计分析的方法,初步分析干旱区绿洲土地利用/土地覆被变化对绿洲浅层地下水位水质变化的影响。研究数据包括1978、1987和1998年三期遥感数据和近25年8口常年观测井水位数据及1987和1998年两期20口观测井水质数据。结果表明,绿洲随着城市、工矿用地为主的非农业用地和以耕地为主的农业用地的持续增加,浅层地下水水位与水质发生了显著性的时空变化。冲洪积扇绿洲主要城镇聚居区地下水位以年均45cm的速率下降,冲积平原下部绿洲地下水位以年均7cm的速率呈现缓慢的上升趋势;绿洲地下水水质趋于恶化,矿化度总体呈现上升的态势,且冲积平原绿洲地下水矿化度上升的幅度普遍大于冲洪积扇绿洲,这与地形、水文地质条件、土地资源开发、灌排强度、地表蒸发、化学肥料和农药的使用密切相关。     

基于遥感的泾河流域植被覆盖格局分析

以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,应用遥感和GIS技术对泾河流域植被覆盖格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)泾河流域植被覆盖类型以退化草地和草地为主,二者占流域总面积的53.30%;地面覆盖程度较高的森林、疏林仅占流域总面积的9.83%,流域植被覆盖程度较低。(2)受自然环境条件和人类活动的影响,退化草地、稀疏灌丛、郁闭灌丛和疏林破碎化程度较为严重,对地面覆盖程度最低的退化草地除集中分布于流域北部外,主要零散分布于流域中、南部,其斑块形状复杂多样,数量最多,应成为流域植被恢复的重点。(3)各植被覆盖类型的斑快数量组成以小斑块所占比例最大,最小斑块比率均在50.0%以上;森林的斑块面积多样性最大,草地的斑块面积多样性最小。     

Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China

The Qinghai Lake Watershed, containing the largest saline lake in northwest of China, has suffered from severe sandy land development in recent years. This paper analyzes its daily precipitation, temperature, and wind from 1958 to 2001, and the spatial and temporal distributions of sandy land through the interpretation of remote sensing images covering four years (1977, 1987, 2000, and 2004). Results showed that since the middle of the 1960s, the daily precipitation (P) of 0<P⩽5 mm decreased, while the P>20 mm increased significantly (S<0.05) in their annual total amounts and days. The maximum daily precipitation also increased significantly. Both the maximum dry spell and the total dry spell of more than ten days had a significant upward trend. Since the beginning of the 1960s, all the extremely high, extremely low and mean temperatures increased significantly (S<0.01), at a rate of 0.1°C/10a, 0.2°C/10a, and 0.2°C/10a, respectively. The days with extremely high temperature had a significant upward trend, while the days with extremely low temperature had a significant downward trend. The Qinghai Lake was significantly shrinking (S<0.01) and provided abundant sediments for Aeolian erosion. The NNW wind prevailed in the watershed, and the largest scale wind was from the west and concentrated on the dry months. As a result, the sandy land was mainly born on the east bank of Qinghai Lake. The total sandy land area in the watershed had grown from 587.4 km², 660.7 km², 697.6 km² to 805.8 km², accordingly, its area percentage growing from 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4% to 2.7%, respectively.     

基于多种空间静态指标的土地生态安全评价——以精河县为例

生态安全是区域可持续发展的核心问题,是地区安全和社会稳定的重要组成部分。以精河县为例,综合应用数字高程模型(DEM)、TM遥感数据和各种数据,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下建立了生态安全指标体系。结果表明,1)精河县生态安全水平呈现明显的空间差异性,整体由中部绿洲向周边逐渐降低。2)从空间分布来说,研究区中部的土地生态安全要优于北部和南部,中部大部分土地处于安全和临界安全状态;南部山地土地生态安全类型分布零散,临界安全区、安全区交叉分布;极不安全和临界安全区集中在艾比湖周围、古尔班通古特沙漠及南部山区;很安全区所占比重较小,集中在绿洲内部。3)1998年和2013年各生态安全等级分布面积由大到小排序为生态安全区、生态临界安全区、生态极不安全区、生态很安全区。研究表明,精河县土地生态状况整体良好,与实际情况相符合。今后应加强土地利用结构优化,减少水土流失与土壤的盐渍化,保证土地生态系统健康稳定。     

香溪河流域人类活动净磷输入量及其影响因素

为了阐明三峡库区第一大支流香溪河流域人类活动对磷输入的影响程度,收集流域所涉及的2001~2019年的乡镇统计数据,运用改进的人类活动净磷输入（NAPI）模型,分析了该流域NAPI的发展趋势.结果表明：在时间尺度上,香溪河流域2001~2019年的NAPI整体呈下降趋势;在空间尺度上,NAPI呈现东北部高于西南部的趋势,影响香溪河流域NAPI的主要乡镇为黄粮镇、峡口镇和昭君镇,占香溪河流域NAPI的63.8%;河流磷输出占NAPI的百分比为10.7%~79.5%;从NAPI结构上看,影响香溪河流域NAPI主要的影响因素为磷肥施入量,占香溪河流域NAPI的46%~68%,次要影响因素为食物磷和磷化工及磷矿开采导致磷素释放量,分别占香溪河流域NAPI的14%~32%和16%~24%;从NAPI影响因素上看,NAPI与人口密度和耕地面积占比均呈极显著正相关（P<0.001）,而在小流域研究尺度上,NAPI与河流磷输出的相关性不显著（P>0.05）,不具有直接的响应关系.因此,香溪河流域磷素管理应优先考虑重点区域（黄粮镇、峡口镇和昭君镇）,控制化肥施用量,并提高工厂污染物排放标准.     

基于地理探测器的流域土壤磷流失影响因素分析

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)和地理探测器,定量分析了甘肃白龙江流域土壤磷流失的空间分异及其影响因素.结果表明:①2014年流域平均土壤磷流失量为0.214 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),流失总量为3945.38 t·a~(-1);②磷流失空间分布较为破碎,热点区集中于迭部北部和舟曲东北部等高山区及舟曲、文县和武都三区县交界的低山河谷区,冷点区集聚于宕昌北部耕作区和文县南部森林保护区;③流域磷流失的空间分异主要受土地利用和地形的影响,农牧业生产也发挥了一定作用,磷流失整体表现为随海拔和坡度的抬升而增加,草地林地耕地;④流域及其内部冷热区影响因素差异较大,这是由各区地理环境协同差异所致,最大交互因子分别为土壤类型∩景观破碎度、土壤类型∩植被覆盖度、降水∩第一产业从业人口比重.在流域磷流失治理中,应合理安排农牧业生产,在提高植被覆盖度的同时降低景观破碎度.     

Watershed development in India. 2. New approaches for managing externalities and meeting sustainability requirements

This paper recognises the need for a revision of watershed development policy in India in relation to the planning of development interventions involving agricultural intensification and rainwater harvesting and the need for new approaches to assist the planning process. Building on, and using as an example, the results of biophysical and societal impact studies carried out on two watershed development projects in Karnataka three new management/dissemination tools, are suggested. These are (1) the web-based geographical information systems exploratory, climate land assessment and impact management tool dissemination tool for disseminating to policymakers and non-specialist stakeholders the downstream impacts of watershed interventions, (2) the ‘quadrant’ approach for ensuring that sustainability criteria are met and (3) Bayesian networks to investigate the biophysical and societal impacts of interventions. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue