广西山口红树林生态自然保护区海域沉积物重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险评价

为了解山口红树林生态自然保护区海域沉积物重金属的污染特征,于2018年1-8月采集表层沉积物,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的含量。采用单因子污染指数评价法和潜在生态风险指数法进行重金属污染现状和生态风险评价。根据《海洋沉积物质量》GB18668-2002一类标准评价结果,干季、湿季超标的环境因子均为油类、有机碳、硫化物,其余环境因子均小于1,有较大的环境容量。根据潜在生态风险评价结果,干季、湿季各站位重金属综合潜在生态风险指数均小于150,沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险程度较轻,属于低风险范畴。     

The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of emotional connection to nature?

Mayer and Frantz (2004) proposed that their connectedness to nature scale (CNS) provides a measure of people's emotional connection to nature. After reanalyzing data from their article, collecting and analyzing our own data, and conducting a content analysis of CNS scale items, we conclude that the CNS does not measure an emotional connection to nature. Although results from our Study 1 and Study 2 support Mayer and Frantz's conclusion that the CNS measures one predominant factor, we suggest that factor measures cognitive beliefs and not emotional connections. Results from our Studies 3 and 4 suggest that the self-referential, less negatively toned wording of CNS items may account for differences in correlations, between the CNS and environmentalism (a measure of environmental identity) and between the New Ecological Paradigm Scale (a measure of environmental beliefs) and environmentalism, reported by Mayer and Frantz. In Study 5, we suggest that correlation differences reported by Mayer and Frantz may also be attributable to method variance, as opposed to content differences between the CNS and the New Ecological Paradigm scale. We provide recommendations for revising the CNS to focus on beliefs about their connection to nature.     

天然矿石催化非均相芬顿反应降解苯酚

针对常用异相Fenton催化剂制备成本高且催化材料难处理等关键问题,通过对天然矿石进行简单物理球磨处理,开发了一种具有高效催化活化过氧化氢能力的异相催化剂并进行了苯酚降解实验。结果表明,天然矿石可有效活化过氧化氢产生羟基自由基,且效率与球磨时间呈正相关。以12 h球磨样品为例,在pH为3的条件下,5 min内对苯酚的去除可达99%以上,矿化率达66%;淬灭实验进一步证实了·OH在苯酚降解中的关键作用。对比反应前后矿石表面X射线光电子能谱(XPS)可发现,反应后Fe(Ⅱ)含量降低并伴有Cu(Ⅱ)的出现,因而证实了Cu(Ⅰ)和Fe(Ⅱ)是发挥催化性能的活性成分。     

How the diversity of human concepts of nature affects conservation of biodiversity

Protecting nature has become a global concern. However, the very idea of nature is problematic. We examined the etymological and semantic diversity of the word used to translate nature in a conservation context in 76 of the primary languages of the world to identify the different relationships between humankind and nature. Surprisingly, the number of morphemes (distinct etymological roots) used by 7 billion people was low. Different linguistic superfamilies shared the same etymon across large cultural areas that correlate with the distribution of major religions. However, we found large differences in etymological meanings among these words, echoing the semantic differences and historical ambiguity of the contemporary European concept of nature. The principal current Western meaning of nature in environmental public policy, conservation science, and environmental ethics–that which is not a human artifact–appears to be relatively rare and recent and to contradict the vision of nature in most other cultures, including those of pre-Christian Europe. To avoid implicit cultural bias and hegemony–and thus to be globally intelligible and effective–it behooves nature conservationists to take into account this semantic diversity when proposing conservation policies and implementing conservation practices.     

The relative importance of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on biodiversity conservation globally

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.     

基于冲击模型方法的自然保护区可靠性研究:以草海为例

自然保护区是受特殊保护和管理的一类特殊的可靠性系统。本文从可靠性视角出发,利用冲击模型方法和MATLAB随机模拟技术,以贵州草海为例分析自然保护区系统的寿命行为和失效规律。分析结果表明:(1)20世纪50年代以前,草海系统受到的人为干预相对较少,可靠性长期保持相对稳定。以人类活动为主的冲击影响始于20世纪50年代末,对保护区生态功能产生了强烈干预。(2)在1958—1980期间,政府出于防涝减灾考虑的引流排水行为扮演了系统的主要冲击,对其可靠性产生了毁灭性影响。(3)在1980年之后的30多年里,周边农民出于造田增地需求的排水毁林自发性活动则形成草海保护区的新一轮冲击,并持续影响着系统的生态功能。(4)目前草海在调节气候、缓解灾害、保持生物多样性方面的生态功能已严重弱化。如果最近几十年的人为冲击模式不能得到有效缓解,保护区系统极有可能在近期内再次发生功能性崩溃。     

长江流域的自然保护区发展与生态环境建设

长江流域的自然保护区占全流域面积的5．74％,比我国自然保护区 占国土面积的比例低1．9个百分点。保护区数量在80年代增幅最大,面积在90年代增幅最大,这种不同步性在一定程度上反映出保护区经营管理更加注重建立较多的大保护区,保护较大的生态系统。本流域的各类自然保护区的数量和面积与流域内自然生态系统类型的丰富性和珍稀特种的多样性直接相关。生态系统类的自然保护区多分布在长江一线以南,形成4个明显的集中分布地带。野生生物类自然保护区在川西高原、川黔湘接壤带和鄱阳湖附近比较集中。川西南滇西北、川西高山峡谷区、川鄂湘黔接壤区、南岭山地北部等6个区域成为长江流域自然保护的关键区域。长江流域生态环境建设中必须注意资源植物的持续利用、防护林的质量和生态平衡等问题。     

Odontological characteristics of European brown bears from the Central Forest Biosphere Nature Reserve

Forty-five skulls of European brown bears from the Central Forest Nature Reserve and adjacent regions were examined in detail. The frequencies of oligodonty, dental caries, parodontosis, and traumatized teeth were estimated. A total of 12 variants of the tooth formula were described. The sample under study was distinguished from the populations examined previously by the lowest frequency of oligodonty. Dental caries in one or several teeth, caused by mechanical damage or malocclusion, occurred in 14% of animals. Strong wear marks on the canines caused by feeding on oats frequently resulted in broken canines in bears of the senior age groups.     

长江源自然保护区生态环境状况及功能区划分

长江源区是长江流域的特殊生态功能区 ,也是我国最重要的生态功能区之一。其生态环境的好坏 ,不仅关系到当地人民的生存与发展 ,而且会影响整个长江流域的可持续发展。简要介绍了长江源区的基本概况 ,分析了源区目前存在冰川退缩、冻土退化、草场退化、土地沙化、湖泊萎缩、生物多样性遭受破坏等主要生态环境问题。造成这种状况的有自然因素 ,也有人为因素 ,自然原因占主导地位 ,而人为因素加剧了生态环境的恶化。赞成在长江源区建立国家级自然保护区 ,提出了建设长江源自然保护区功能区的思想 ,认为保护区应重点保护水源地、生物多样性和特殊生态系统。在野外调查的基础上 ,建议将保护区划分成 5个核心区 ,3个缓冲区和 2个实验区。核心区生物多样性最丰富 ,生态系统的代表性最强 ,水源涵养作用最大 ,生态系统受人类干扰和破坏程度最小。     

我国自然保护区生态评价指标和评价标准

本文针对我国自然保护区的实际状况，筛选出多样性、代表性、稀有性、自然性、面积适宜性及脆弱性和人类威胁等诸项指标进行分析、比较和解析，进而制定了一套较为系统完整而又操作简便的生态评价体系、评价方法和评价标准。该标准适用于自然生态系统类和野生生物类自然保护区生态状况的定量评价。