Evaluating surrogates of genetic diversity for conservation planning

Protected-area systems should conserve intraspecific genetic diversity. Because genetic data require resources to obtain, several approaches have been proposed for generating plans for protected-area systems (prioritizations) when genetic data are not available. Yet such surrogate-based approaches remain poorly tested. We evaluated the effectiveness of potential surrogate-based approaches based on microsatellite genetic data collected across the Iberian Peninsula for 7 amphibian and 3 reptilian species. Long-term environmental suitability did not effectively represent sites containing high genetic diversity (allelic richness). Prioritizations based on long-term environmental suitability had similar performance to random prioritizations. Geographic distances and resistance distances based on contemporary environmental suitability were not always effective surrogates for identification of combinations of sites that contain individuals with different genetic compositions. Our results demonstrate that population genetic data based on commonly used neutral markers can inform prioritizations, and we could not find an adequate substitute. Conservation planners need to weigh the potential benefits of genetic data against their acquisition costs.     

雅鲁藏布江中部地区生物多样性保护规划

由于独特的高原气候和错综复杂的地形地貌，雅鲁藏布江中部地区物种资源异常丰富，生态系统类型多样，具有很高的保护价值和利用价值。本文在该区物种资源和生态系统调查的基础上，提出了保护生物多样性的规划意见。     

Sentiment analysis of the Twitter response to Netflix's Our Planet documentary

The role of nature documentaries in shaping public attitudes and behavior toward conservation and wildlife issues is unclear. We analyzed the emotional content of over 2 million tweets related to Our Planet, a major nature documentary released on Netflix, with dictionary and rule-based automatic sentiment analysis. We also compared the sentiment associated with species mentioned in Our Planet and a set of control species with similar features but not mentioned in the documentary. Tweets were largely negative in sentiment at the time of release of the series. This effect was primarily linked to the highly skewed distributions of retweets and, in particular, to a single negatively valenced and massively retweeted tweet (>150,000 retweets). Species mentioned in Our Planet were associated with more negative sentiment than the control species, and this effect coincided with a short period following the airing of the series. Our results are consistent with a general negativity bias in cultural transmission and document the difficulty of evoking positive sentiment, on social media and elsewhere, in response to environmental problems.     

再生资源行业特点与企业盈利模式分析

再生资源行业涉及第一、第二与第三产业,其独特的行业属性对行业企业发展战略的制定有着重大的影响。随着循环经济产业的快速发展,针对不同企业、不同业务、不同工作对象的企业运营策略的制定,显得尤为重要。对再生资源行业本质与行业特点的分析解读,为企业明确发展思路、制定发展战略提供策略与方法上的参考。     

自然保护区评价研究的进展

本文论述了自然保护区评价这一新学科在近30年内的发展史,同时介绍了自然保护区评价的几个组成部分和一些基本概念,分析了其存在的不足和有待解决的问题。     

鄂西北六个自然保护区鱼类群落结构及多样性比较

为了解鄂西北地区的鱼类多样性和鱼类群落结构,于2007~2012年先后对鄂西的八卦山自然保护区、堵河源自然保护区、五道峡自然保护区、南河自然保护区、野人谷自然保护区及漳河源自然保护区的鱼类资源进行调查。结果显示,6个自然保护区共有鱼类79种,隶属4目15科51属。鲤形目鱼类为6个自然保护区的主要类群,共56种,占总数的70.89%。6个自然保护区的鱼类食性和生态类群相似,鱼类食性均以肉食性和杂食性为主,草食性鱼类较少;定居性鱼类占主体,河湖洄游性和喜流水性鱼类较少。渔获物分析表明,堵河源自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数(D)最大,为2.60,八卦山自然保护区鱼类丰富度指数最小,为0.91。多样性分析表明,同一水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值均比处于不同水系的保护区之间的β_c值和β_R值小;处于同一水系的保护区相似性系数(C_j)较高,处于不同水系的保护区之间的相似性系数较低(C_j),这很好的诠释了处于同一水系的自然保护区在地理环境上的连续性,而处于不同水系的自然保护区之间出现了地理环境的分化隔离。目前水电开发和过度捕捞是该地区鱼类最大的威胁因子,建议强化渔政管理,并建立鱼类人工繁育基地,以减缓水电工程带来的不利影响,恢复天然渔业资源。     

农业自然资源灰色综合评估与农业可持续发展对策

农业自然资源是指农业生产可以利用的自然环境要素，农业的可持续发展在很大程度上依赖于农业自然资源的可持续利用。本文从系统学原理出发，采用灰色综合评估的方法．对山西省临汾市的农业自然资源现状进行综合评价，并据此提出该地农业可持续发展对策。     

硅烷化改性沸石对重金属离子的吸附性能

制得一种用于重金属废水处理的新型硅烷化改性沸石吸附剂,成本低、效果显著且稳定。通过对改性沸石表征,分析了改性对沸石结构的影响。结果表明,改性一定程度降低了原沸石的晶体特征,但基本上保持了其结构组成;硅烷化改性成功地在沸石上接枝了氨基。对硅烷化沸石的特性研究,得出硅烷化沸石对Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+吸附最佳投加量为1、1、1.6和0.6 g/L,且此时对4种离子的去除率也较好;吸附动力学研究得出,其吸附过程可用二级动力学方程较好地拟合;吸附达到平衡时,4种金属离子的平衡吸附量分别为11.23、17.41、15.45和59.42 mg/g;硅烷化沸石对金属离子的吸附行为更符合Langmuir模型,为化学吸附;在酸性条件下(pH=2～6),硅烷化沸石仍保持一定的吸附能力,具有一定的耐酸性。     

开发和建设西南能源基地的战略意义

开发和建设西南能源基地在我国能源工业发展和布局中占有重要的地位。西南地区的煤炭集中分布在川、滇、黔接壤地区,保有储量占全国的 8.9％,位居第二。而水能蕴藏量2.9亿多kW,占全国的42％,可开发利用量1.9亿多kW,占全国的51％,年发电量1.03万亿度,占全国的54％,加上西藏,水能蕴藏年发电量约占全国的70％。煤炭工业在全国已有较大发展,已初步建成以山西为中心的煤炭基地,六盘水煤炭基地,两淮煤炭基地等等。石油天然气工业发展较快,核电工业正在起步和发展。但是水能资源的开发利用和蕴藏量相比,还很不相称。全国水能资源利用率只有4-5％,西南地区按发电量计算,仅占水电可开发总量的1.3％。因此,在当前我国能源供应十分紧张的情况下,开发西南能源基地的水能资源和煤炭资源,有着十分重大的战略意义。     

Effects of cost metric on cost‐effectiveness of protected‐area network design in urban landscapes

A common goal in conservation planning is to acquire areas that are critical to realizing biodiversity goals in the most cost‐effective manner. The way monetary acquisition costs are represented in such planning is an understudied but vital component to realizing cost efficiencies. We sought to design a protected‐area network within a forested urban region that would protect 17 birds of conservation concern. We compared the total costs and spatial structure of the optimal protected‐area networks produced using three acquisition‐cost surrogates (area, agricultural land value, and tax‐assessed land value). Using the tax‐assessed land values there was a 73% and 78% cost savings relative to networks derived using area or agricultural land value, respectively. This cost reduction was due to the considerable heterogeneity in acquisition costs revealed in tax‐assessed land values, especially for small land parcels, and the corresponding ability of the optimization algorithm to identify lower‐cost parcels for inclusion that had equal value to our target species. Tax‐assessed land values also reflected the strong spatial differences in acquisition costs (US$0.33/m²–$55/m²) and thus allowed the algorithm to avoid inclusion of high‐cost parcels when possible. Our results add to a nascent but growing literature that suggests conservation planners must consider the cost surrogate they use when designing protected‐area networks. We suggest that choosing cost surrogates that capture spatial‐ and size‐dependent heterogeneity in acquisition costs may be relevant to establishing protected areas in urbanizing ecosystems.