罗布泊极旱荒漠区的盐泉水文特征

罗布泊地处中亚极旱荒漠区,是塔里木盆地最低的断陷洼地,也是第四纪以来盆地地表水的集水中心和积盐中心。古代罗布泊面积曾有2×104km2,到1958年还有近3 000km2的面积。1970年干涸4 000km2的湖盆成为平坦的岩盐地,自此罗布泊及周围已无湖泊存在,也无常年流水的河流流入罗布泊。该地区平原区只分布有暴雨和融雪形成的间歇性径流河,以及间距远达20km~60km的零散盐泉,各自有着不同的水文特征。地理学界把该地区视为"亚洲的干旱中心"。     

消防战勤保障物资储备点布局与选址问题研究

为科学规划消防应急救援物资储备点布局,进一步提高消防部队处置突发事件的能力,从当前我国消防战勤保障物资储备点的建设现状入手,研究了消防战勤保障物资的分类。在此基础上明确了物资储备点的布点原则和选址方法,建立了储备点选址的数学模型,并利用计算机进行求解,得到若干个备选地址;然后在综合考量各种影响因素的前提下,通过灾害发生区域相对集中的规律进行适当的调整,进而筛选出最佳选址。最后讨论了部局级应急装备物资储备库的布局现状及建议。结果表明:储备库的选址应在科学合理的物资储备点选址基础上,与部局、总队的应急装备物资储备库相互依托、互相补充,从而形成一套符合我国消防力量建设实际的消防战勤保障物资储备体系。     

内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区的有效管理分析

以内蒙古自治区内22个国家级自然保护区管理状况的评估结果为基础,从评估赋分表所涉及的10项评估指标入手,分析内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理活动的整体特征、区域差异和自然保护区有效管理的影响因素。结果表明,内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理评估平均得分为79分,整体处于良的等级,仍有较大的提升空间;自治区东部地区的自然保护区管理水平略高于西部地区,但两者之间差异未达显著水平。加强日常管护是提升内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理水平的首要任务,自然保护区的能力建设、机构设置和人员配置、保护对象动态变化、规划制定与执行和基础设施建设等因素对自然保护区的有效管理有显著影响。     

太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的对比研究

目的 找出太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的特点和价值。方法 基于几种典型的透明高分子材料试样,分别在佛罗里达典型亚热带潮湿环境自然曝晒、汽车外饰实验室氙灯加速耐候试验及亚利桑那太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒黄变结果相关性、加速性和区分度的对比分析,来比较这几种试验方法的特点。结果 户外加速曝晒和自然曝晒的相关性高于氙灯加速试验和自然曝晒的相关性。与自然曝晒相比,户外加速曝晒的平均加速倍率及不同试样的加速倍率的相对差异明显小于氙灯加速试验。自然曝晒和户外加速曝晒的区分度也明显大于实验室氙灯加速试验。结论 户外加速曝晒方法较好地均衡了相关性、加速性、加速一致性及区分度,适合高分子材料的验证性试验。     

山东黄河下游流域土壤碳储量及时空变化研究

全球气候变暖及其影响是当前人类面临的重大环境问题之一,大气CO2浓度的剧增为人类生活带来的诸多环境问题越来越严重。土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,它的微小变化直接影响大气温室气体的浓度。本文利用2003~2010年多目标区域地球化学调查及20世纪80年代全省第二次土壤普查碳数据,对山东省黄河下游流域土壤碳密度、碳储量及时空变化规律和固碳潜力与机制进行了研究,结果表明,1.0 m土层有机碳库约占我国SOCP的3.28%;表现出"碳汇";水稻土碳密度最高、砂姜黑土次之,滨海盐土最低;研究区0~1.0 m土层固碳潜力为1.02×109t,相当于可减少大气中0.081%CO2浓度。通过相关性分析表明,在土壤中增施有机肥和N、P、K肥,以及施用Zn等矿质肥料可有效提高土壤中的有机碳量,提升土壤固碳能力,而含Cl量过高是滨海土壤固碳的破坏性因素。本研究为缓解大气CO2浓度的剧增的环境压力,发挥和提高我国土壤生态系统的固碳潜力提供了科学依据。     

Scapegoating in the Wild: A Burkean Analysis of Two Outdoor Adventures Gone Wrong

Aron Ralston and Christopher McCandless, two outdoor adventurers, have captured the hearts of many American environmentalists. Each has attained the status of cultural icons and inspired books and films to recount their tales. While entertainment media have romanticized both individuals, news media are not as easy on one—McCandless is vilified while Ralston is valorized. When reporting these stories, news media outlets attempted to retell each story in a way that conforms to the dominant American ideology of wilderness, where “progress” is marked by control over nature—control that both Ralston and McCandless clearly unsettled. In addition, both committed many of the same errors in being underprepared. Despite these similarities, why are they each presented so differently in the news media? This paper offers a rhetorical analysis of newspaper articles on each story, where the phenomenon of scapegoating alienates McCandless, and the phenomenon of mortification purifies Ralston, restabilizing this American environmental ideology in both stories. In conclusion, I argue that the essential difference between these two stories is that they present two opposing ideals of a human–nature relationship, with Ralston's ideology including a space for technology and industrial knowledge, and thus construed as more appropriate than McCandless' ideology.     

可持续发展观中的和谐环境伦理意蕴

从把握可持续发展观中的和谐环境伦理意蕴入手,就找到了解读可持续发展观内涵的一个很好的突破口。可持续发展观内涵中具有丰富的和谐环境伦理思想。可持续发展观主张“人与自然的协调发展”与和谐环境伦理意蕴是趋同的;可持续发展观主张“经济发展与资源开发利用的协调发展”与和谐环境伦理意蕴是一致的;可持续发展观主张“人类世代永续长存”与和谐环境伦理是相符的;可持续发展观主张可持续发展应成为“全球性问题”与和谐环境伦理意蕴是相适应的。     

试论我国环境责任的重构

环境责任的核心是对环境利益的损害予以救济,环境责任理论构建的出发点和落脚点必须围绕环境利益展开,环境责任的定义、特性以及环境责任形式都应以对环境利益的关怀为着力点。依照此思路,文章主张环境责任的特性在于融合性和可转嫁性,环境责任形式可以概括为恢复原态、排除危害和承担损失。     

基于自适应遗传算法的应急物资储备库选址及物资调配优化研究

应急物资储备库是应急救援的重要载体,储备库选址是否科学合理决定着整个应急公共服务体系的成效,而传统遗传算法在研究储备库选址与物资调配相结合的问题上存在局限性。针对这一问题,从需求点及应急设施服务质量视角构建基于覆盖满意度和经济性的应急设施选址与物资调配优化模型,并根据模型设计自适应遗传算法(AGA),结合储备库实际情况采取具有方向性的初始群体生成法提高搜索速度,设计自适应交叉与变异算子使AGA能够在进化速度与解的质量之间进行权衡,并获得全局最优解。结果表明,该算法能跳出局部最优从而获得最优的选址-分配方案,可为应急管理部门和决策机构的应急设施选址规划及应急物资分配提供理论依据和决策参考。     

The relative importance of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on biodiversity conservation globally

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.