Sociological survey in a municipality with a high level separate collection programme in an area of historic unpopularity

Behaviours, opinions and knowledge of citizens on MSW and separate collection were investigated in the city of Mercato San Severino (about 22,000 people), in the Campania region of Southern Italy that is an area suffering from a serious solid waste emergency that has lasted over 17 years due to the absence of treatment facilities. The image of heaps of rubbish in the streets of Naples and other nearby cities is only one side of the coin. Mercato San Severino has adopted an effective kerbside collection system since 2001 and a pay-as-you-throw program during 2005, guaranteeing more than the minimum level of recycling required by the Italian legislation. Structured questionnaires were administered to a sample of 500 people in 2010. Chi-square tests of independence were applied to state whether the differences were statistically significant (5%). About 90% of the sample stated that the success of the separate collection program was due to either the citizens and local authority or only the local authority, highlighting the leading role of the local authority and confirming that trust is the key to any social program success. The registered level of knowledge was better than that of nearby university students and citizens. The higher the education level, the greater the level of knowledge was.     

Towards a framework for assessment and management of cumulative human impacts on marine food webs

Effective ecosystem‐based management requires understanding ecosystem responses to multiple human threats, rather than focusing on single threats. To understand ecosystem responses to anthropogenic threats holistically, it is necessary to know how threats affect different components within ecosystems and ultimately alter ecosystem functioning. We used a case study of a Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) food web and expert knowledge elicitation in an application of the initial steps of a framework for assessment of cumulative human impacts on food webs. We produced a conceptual seagrass food web model, determined the main trophic relationships, identified the main threats to the food web components, and assessed the components’ vulnerability to those threats. Some threats had high (e.g., coastal infrastructure) or low impacts (e.g., agricultural runoff) on all food web components, whereas others (e.g., introduced carnivores) had very different impacts on each component. Partitioning the ecosystem into its components enabled us to identify threats previously overlooked and to reevaluate the importance of threats commonly perceived as major. By incorporating this understanding of system vulnerability with data on changes in the state of each threat (e.g., decreasing domestic pollution and increasing fishing) into a food web model, managers may be better able to estimate and predict cumulative human impacts on ecosystems and to prioritize conservation actions.     

浅谈通讯基站电磁辐射环境影响理论预测模式

介绍了通讯基站电磁辐射环境影响评价的重要胜,在介绍电磁辐射环境标准限值的基础上,针对现有环境影响理论预测与实际监测值存在误差的情况,分析了通讯基站电磁辐射的影响因素和误差存在的原因,并对采取的理论预测模型提出优化建议,使预测结果更接近于实际值,为通讯基站电磁辐射环境影响预测及评价提供更加科学、合理的依据。     

我国自然生态系统氮沉降临界负荷评估

过量的氮沉降引起了一系列环境问题并导致生物多样性损失,因此评估当前生态系统氮沉降临界负荷对区域氮管理及其污染控制至关重要.利用稳态质量平衡法估算了当前我国自然生态系统的氮沉降临界负荷,并与氮沉降数据对比,获取了我国超过氮沉降临界负荷的生态系统空间分布情况.结果表明,6%的地区氮沉降临界负荷大于56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,67%的地区氮沉降临界负荷在14～56 kg·(hm²·a)^-1之间,27%的地区氮沉降临界负荷小于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.氮沉降临界负荷较高的区域主要分布在青藏高原东部、内蒙古东北部和南部部分地区.氮沉降临界负荷较低的区域主要分布在青藏高原西部、西北地区和东南部分地区.氮沉降超过临界负荷的区域约占我国的21%,主要分布在东南和东北部分地区.东北、西北和青藏高原地区超临界负荷值普遍低于14 kg·(hm²·a)^-1.因此,未来这些超过氮沉降临界负荷地区的氮素管理和控制更为值得关注.     

季铵型树脂的合成及其对水中溴酸根及前驱物溴离子的吸附性能与机制

水中的溴离子(Br^-)和溴酸根离子(BrO₃^-)由于难挥发、易溶解、稳定性好而难以除去,因此,制备了一种对较低浓度的Br^-和BrO₃^-都有良好吸附去除效果的季铵碱树脂(Quaternary ammonium base resin,QABR)并表征了其物化结构.同时,考察了初始浓度、QABR投加量、溶液pH、离子强度、吸附接触时间和吸附温度等因素对QABR吸附Br^-和BrO₃^-性能的影响.结果表明,在0.05～4.00 mmol·L^-1浓度范围内,在298 K、pH=7.0时QABR对Br^-和BrO₃^-的吸附能力最佳,其最大吸附量分别为1.78 mmol·g^-1和1.65 mmol·g^-1;QABR对Br^-和BrO₃     

GSM移动通信基站对周围环境电磁辐射影响

按照《辐射环境保护管理导则—电磁辐射环境影响评价方法与标准》（HJ/T10.3—1996）的有关规定,GSM移动通信基站电场强度的管理目标值为5.4 V/m,功率密度的管理目标值为8μW/cm2。在根据麦克斯韦电磁场理论确定远场区范围,结合基站天线运行的基本参数,以及在对垂直波瓣图进行拟合的基础上,通过《辐射环境保护管理导则——电磁辐射监测仪器和方法》（HJ/T 10.2-1996）中的微波远场轴向功率密度计算公式计算GSM移动通信基站对周围环境的辐射水平进行预测。预测结果表明,基站周围的电磁辐射水平与天线的发射功率、公众活动区域与天线的高度差以及天线的主瓣方向关系密切。实际应用中可以通过减小发射功率,增加天线与公众活动区域的高度差以及调整天线的主瓣方向等措施来降低其对周围环境的影响,并通过制定有效的监测、管理计划和加强公众沟通,及时消除可能的电磁污染。     

REGIONAL APPLICATION OF AN APPROXIMATE STREAMFLOW PARTITIONING METHOD1

ABSTRACT: The approximate streamflow partitioning method which uses daily rainfall and streamfiow data was applied in Coastal Plain, Coastal Flatwoods, and Southern Piedmont physiographic regions for estimation of the surface and subsurface flow components of total streainflow. Sizes of the watersheds ranged from 9.6 km² to 1,030 km. Although the streamflow partitioning method was developed and tested on the Coastal Plain physiographic region, results indicate that the procedure can be applied to other physiographic regions where available data are limited to daily values. The effect of channelization on the partitioned flow components in the Coastal Plain and Coastal Flatwoods physiographic areas was also examined. While channelization was found to decrease the storm-time base, it had no significant effect on the relative percentages of the partitioned flow components.     

Redressing cultural erosion and ecological decline in a far North Queensland aboriginal community (Australia): the Aurukun ethnobiology database project

Traditional environmental knowledge (usually imparted orally) is being lost from many regions of the world, requiring novel forms of transmission if this situation is to be redressed. Loss of this knowledge may be a significant contributory factor towards ecological decline. Undoubtedly, disruption to ecosystems and societies that depend on these has impacted on traditional land management practices, with negative ramifications for biodiversity. From an environmental perspective, scientists in northern Australia need to understand traditional Aboriginal methods of ‘caring for country’, such as burning regimes, so that these can be incorporated into strategies today for maintaining Australia’s rich biodiversity. However, information exchange should be two-way: as well as learning from local people, science can in turn benefit people who may have little experience of, for example, invasive species. The challenge is how can the complexity of biological knowledge from within different ontologies be represented and integrated in a way that it can be of use to scientists and local people, in order to ensure a sustainable future? The main aim of this study was to record existing local knowledge of biodiversity for the community of Aurukun (far north Queensland), integrating this knowledge with scientific data, while giving parity to both knowledge systems and protecting intellectual property rights. A cross-cultural collaboration between community members and ethnobiologists resulted in development of the Aurukun Ethnobiology Database. An interdisciplinary approach was taken to effectively model autochthonous biological knowledge and scientific data to create a database with a number of practical applications.     

盘锦市有机食品基地水质状况分析

通过对盘锦市有机食品基地进行监测，结果表明：水稻全生长期灌溉水质均符合标准，以氟化物、硫酸盐、氯化物为首要污染物，稻田水质好于上水线水质，成熟期水质好于其它生长期。