润滑油基础油在储运过程中可能产生的危害和对策

分析了润滑油基础油在储运过程中,油品质量可能产生的不良变化和对周围环境造成的危害.针对这些危害提出了解决的对策.     

Titration Curves: A Useful Instrument for Assessing the Buffer Systems of Acidic Mining Waters (10 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope The acidification of mine waters is generally caused by metal sulfide oxidation, related to mining activities. These waters are characterized by low pH and high acidity due to strong buffering systems. The standard acidity parameter, the Base Neutralization Capacity (BNC) is determined by endpoint titration, and reflects a cumulative parameter of both hydrogen ions and all buffering systems, but does not give information on the individual buffer systems. We demonstrate that a detailed interpretation of titration curves can provide information about the strength of the buffering systems. The buffering systems are of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mining waters. Methods Titrations were carried out by means of an automatic titrator using acidic mining waters from Germany and Canada. The curves were interpreted, compared with each other, to endpoint titration results and to elemental concentrations contained therein. Results and Discussion The titration curves were highly reproducible, and contained information about the strength of the buffer systems present. Interpretations are given, and the classification and comparison of acidic mining waters, by the nature and strength of their buffering systems derived from titration curves are discussed. The BNC-values calculated from the curves were more precise than the ones determined by the standard endpoint titration method. Due to the complex buffer mechanisms in acidic mining waters, the calculation of major metal concentrations from the shape of the titration curve resulted in estimates, which should not be confused with precise elemental analysis results. Conclusion Titration curves provide an inexpensive, valuable and versatile tool, by which to obtain sophisticated information of the acidity in acidic water. The information about the strength of the present buffer systems can help to understand and document the complex nature of acidic mining water buffer systems. Finally, the interpretation of titration curves could help to improve treatment measurements and the ecological understanding of these acidic waters.     

地铁工程安全设计(DFS)知识库构建

针对目前地铁施工和运行过程中安全事故频发的现象,运用安全设计(DFS)概念,提出在地铁设计中应考虑施工和运行安全,构建DFS知识库,以提高设计人员的DFS能力。分析DFS知识库应具备的功能,提出通过知识的搜集、分析、存储和查询4大模块来实现相应的功能;依据模块的功能,详细设计DFS知识库的逻辑结构、系统结构和存储结构;4大模块与DFS不同的结构相结合,构成地铁工程DFS知识库系统。以乘客坠落站台事故为例,进行实证分析。研究结果表明,该案例的逻辑层次为"车站工程子知识库-车站站台子库-客运类事故";合理有效的知识库可根据标准化案例描述识别出危险源,并可运用知识管理的相关方法自动提取针对危险源的设计规范及设计建议。     

“三线一单”对重构环境准入体系的意义及关键环节

“放管服”背景下以环评为核心的环境准入体系面临工作周期长、制度效率低、结论可验证性差、社会认可度不高等诸多挑战。本文针对“三线一单”具有的早期介入和共享区域基础信息的工作特征,认为将“三线一单”纳入环境准入体系后可以更好地发挥系统性预防作用,提升政府的决策能力和环评工作效率,实现环境准入体系的高质量和高效率。在重构环境准入体系方面,提出了“三线一单”与规划环评和项目环评制度衔接的关键环节:明确三项制度不同的职责定位和责任主体、厘清三项制度的衔接环节,以及完善三项制度间的信息交互。     

Incorporating evolutionary processes into population viability models

We examined how ecological and evolutionary (eco‐evo) processes in population dynamics could be better integrated into population viability analysis (PVA). Complementary advances in computation and population genomics can be combined into an eco‐evo PVA to offer powerful new approaches to understand the influence of evolutionary processes on population persistence. We developed the mechanistic basis of an eco‐evo PVA using individual‐based models with individual‐level genotype tracking and dynamic genotype–phenotype mapping to model emergent population‐level effects, such as local adaptation and genetic rescue. We then outline how genomics can allow or improve parameter estimation for PVA models by providing genotypic information at large numbers of loci for neutral and functional genome regions. As climate change and other threatening processes increase in rate and scale, eco‐evo PVAs will become essential research tools to evaluate the effects of adaptive potential, evolutionary rescue, and locally adapted traits on persistence.     

宁夏农牧业发展方向与草地农业结构调整问题的探讨

针对宁夏农牧业发展结构失衡的现状,指出长期推行重农轻牧的农区模式而不是发展草地农业是一种方向性失误。为此探讨了宁夏农牧业结构调整的生态学依据,分区调整方向与拓宽结构调整思路的问题。     

我国部分商品粮基地粮食重金属污染的差异分析与综合评价

本文根据1988年全国农业环境质量状况调查资料,选取我国部分商品粮基地县粮食重金属污染数据,通过多元统计分析,揭示了各商品粮基地粮食重金属污染的差异与分类。最后采用模糊综合评判方法,对各商品粮基地粮食重金属污染程度进行了综合评价,得到了相对污染程度的排序。     

移动通信GSM网络与3G网络共站址下的环境影响评价

阐述了移动通信GSM网络与3G网络共站址的情况下对环境的影响，并提出了影响预测模式，计算了某通信公司移动通信典型基站对周围环境电磁辐射的影响，确定了对敏感目标的保护距离，并进行了实测以对保护距离进行验证。     

聚苯乙烯基离子交换纤维去除铅离子的应用研究

聚苯乙烯其离子交换纤维是一种理想的离子交换材料。它的特殊的物理形态决定它对一些有害气体如铅烟、颗粒铅等具有很好的净化作用，铅烟净化效率可达８０％；对水溶液中毒性铅离子去除率可达８６％。该纤维可做为治理毒性铅离子的材料。     

铜陵硫铁矿基地集中开采区水文地球化学特征

铜陵是我国重要的硫铁矿基地,矿业活动对周边环境造成了较大的影响。本文对研究区的地下水环境综合指标进行了计算,利用piper三线图对地下水化学类型进行了划分,通过离子比例系数、相关性、三种矿物水溶液的饱和指数计算方法分析了地下水化学成分的形成过程,并对研究区的地下水进行了重金属污染分析。结果表明:研究区地下水普遍呈弱碱性,为淡水、软水;全区地下水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca型;地下水化学成分主要来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,伴有硅酸盐的溶解; Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)多来自阳离子交换作用; SO_4~(2-)多来自硫化物氧化,与矿业活动密切相关;地下水离子的控制因素主要为岩石风化作用;方解石相对水溶液大多处于过饱和状态,白云石和石膏相对水溶液处于非饱和状态;重金属对地下水的影响区域较小,影响区主要分布于钟鸣硫铁矿一带。