Bark salicylates and condensed tannins reduce vole browsing amongst cultivated dark-leaved willows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix myrsinifolia</Emphasis>)

Summary. Vole feeding amongst herbal willows that have a high concentration of salicylates in their bark and leaves, and may therefore be cultivated for use as raw material for herbal medicine was tested in the field and in laboratory conditions. Eight clones of dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.) were cultivated for two years with six different methods combining three fertilisation levels (none, low and high), black plastic mulch applied for suppressing weed competition and unmulched control. Samples for the laboratory feeding trial were taken from the unfertilised plants during willow winter dormancy and twigs were fed to 16 voles as a multi-choice experiment. The bark area removed was calculated from image analysis of the material left by the voles. The diameter and the bark thickness of the twigs were measured. Concentrations of salicin, salicortin, HCH-salicortin, picein, triandrin, triandrin derivative, gallocatechin, (+)-catechin, luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperin, total condensed tannins and total nitrogen were measured from the twigs fed to voles in the laboratory. Browsing by a natural population of voles amongst winter-dormant willows was measured in the field. In the laboratory, voles browsed on 80% of the twigs and in the field voles browsed on 33% of the twigs. Vole feeding followed similar patterns in the field and in the laboratory experiment; feeding was clearly higher amongst the plants grown in unmulched control compared to those in plastic mulch. The same clones, 1, 2 and 6 were preferred in both experiments. Voles preferred thin twigs to thick ones. Feeding correlated negatively with concentrations of salicylates and tannins. As vole feeding seems to be highly affected by willow cultivation method and plant genotype, careful selection of cultivated clones and cultivation methods can enhance the reliability of herbal willow cultivation.     

Baseline Study on Essential and Trace Elements in Polished Rice from South Korea

In 2000, 63 (polished) white rice samples were collected in eight administrative areas all over South Korea and analyzed for 16 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Potassium had the highest content, next to Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, Na, Al and Fe. Most of the samples contained worldwide average concentrations of essential and trace elements in rice grains reported by various researches. For inter-area differences in those elements in the rice, the statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the eight administrative areas, suggesting that inter-area differences were not substantial in most cases. Thus, the present data can be used as national background levels of elements in rice produced in South Korea. Using the published data on daily consumption of rice in South Korea, it was possible to estimate the daily intake of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn via rice. The results showed that a regular consumption of rice produced in Korea plays an important role in accumulation of essential and trace elements in Korean, especially for farm-households consuming relatively large amounts of rice.     

砷污染土壤对不同品种水稻生长的影响

重金属如何影响水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的生长及产量一直是粮食生产中的研究重点。利用盆栽实验,首次比较了砷(As)对三个品系(杂交稻、常规稻和糯稻)共20个品种水稻生长的影响,以期选定适合在As污染区种植的水稻品种。结果显示,不同品系水稻在As污染土壤中的生长显著不同,杂交稻的生长优于糯稻和常规稻,但糯稻和常规稻差异不显著,表明杂交稻更适宜在砷污染土壤种植。同一品系内不同品种水稻的生长也有较大差异,杂交稻II优804的干物质积累量最高,每株达到0.055g。     

锌铬复合污染对水稻根系可溶性糖代谢的影响

植物具有逐步适应逆境的能力,在不同生育期对逆境的适应程度不同。可溶性糖是植物碳代谢的主要物质之一,与植物的抗性有密切关系。通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合污染下,在水稻(Oryza sativa L.)不同生育期,水稻根系可溶性糖的代谢。结果表明,随着土壤中锌、铬质量分数的增加,在水稻不同生育期,其根干质量及地上部分干质量均呈降低的趋势,而根冠比呈现一定的升高趋势;水稻根系可溶性糖含量呈升高的趋势。偏相关分析表明,在水稻不同生育期,土壤中锌、铬质量分数与水稻根系可溶性糖含量均呈显著或极显著的偏相关关系。锌在水稻孕穗期及灌浆结实期对水稻根系可溶性糖含量的作用均大于铬,在分蘖期小于铬。这表明在重金属胁迫下,水稻通过增加其根系中可溶性糖含量来协调源流库的关系,从而提高自身对锌铬复合污染的生态适应能力。     

影响甜菜黑腐丝囊霉的几种生态学和生物学因子

通过对河西灌区甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)黑腐病(Sugar Beet Black Rot)为期3a的研究，探讨了甜菜栽培品种与病害发病率及病原菌黑腐丝囊霉（Aphanomyces cochlioides)分离频率的关系以及3种环境因子即温度、pH值、不同天然培养基与甜菜黑腐丝囊霉的关系。结果表明：各栽培品种在田间的发病率与室内病原分离频率不同，其中工农2号田间发病率为1．3％，室内分离频率为93％，工农5号分别为1％和7．2％，宁甜301分别为2％和6．1％，工农2号具有更大的耐病性；甜菜黑腐丝囊霉的生长温度范围为5—30℃，最适温度为25—27℃，对高温敏感，33℃为其致死温度；甜菜黑腐丝囊霉可在pH3．5—11范围内生长，最适pH为5—9．9；甜菜黑腐丝囊霉在PDA、玉米粉琼脂、甜菜汁、麦芽糖—胨、麦芽糖酵母汁及燕麦琼脂培养基上均可生长，其中在甜菜汁培养基上生长最好．图4表3参11     

RAPD分子标记在鉴定香樟优选株和普通株中的应用

从85个随机引物中选10个随机引物对8个香樟样品的DNA进行了扩增，应用RAPD技术区别6个优选株和2个普通株，共获得78个DNA片断，把这些DNA片断作为遗传位点用UPCMA法计算出各材料间的遗传相似性系数，并作了聚类分析．在D＝0．738处8个样品分为两大类，而且普通株同优选株的亲缘关系很近．图2表2参9     

一株降解除草剂膦化麦黄桐(PPT)菌的筛选与鉴定

从喷洒有除草剂的土壤中分离到一株能分解膦化麦黄桐(PPT)的细菌.该菌在以PPT为唯一碳源的培养基上生长,能利用PPT的最高浓度为2. 7g/L.采用常规生理生化鉴定方法,并结合16SrDNA序列分析法对该菌进行鉴定.结果表明,该菌与生癌肠杆菌(Enterobactercancerogenus)序列相似性为99. 3%,在细菌分类学上属于肠杆菌.将它命名为Enterobactersp. PPT. 图4表2参7     

三个苜蓿品种对镉污染的生理生态反应及抗性比较

研究了镉对苜蓿(3个品种)发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长、根鲜重等形态指标和SOD活性等生理指标的影响,以及镉污染期细胞膜透性的变化情况。探讨了镉胁迫下3个苜蓿品种抗性的差异,结果表明:30mg.L-1 Cd处理,严重抑制胚根、胚芽的增长,且鲜重急剧下降,随Cd处理质量浓度加大,3个品种SOD活性都呈上升趋势,其中多叶苜蓿升幅最大。高Cd处理(50 mg.L-1),3个品种SOD活性均有所下降。重度胁迫下,3个品种相对电导率和地上部Cd含量都增大,且品种间差异显著,相对电导率以多叶苜蓿最小,准格尔苜蓿最大,Cd含量的顺序为准格尔苜蓿>肇东苜蓿>多叶苜蓿。综合评价多叶苜蓿抗性较强,肇东苜蓿次之,准格尔苜蓿抗性较弱。     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L.as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand culture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator,uptake and transport of arsenate(As(V))and arsenite(As(III))were studied using Pteris vittata L.under sandculture.Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P.vittata.The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds,and relatively weak in root and rhizome.Moderateincreases,from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L,in phosphate reduced uptake of As(III)more than As(V),while the reverse was observed at highconcentrations of phosphate(1.0 mmol/L).Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in frondsof P.vittata when As was supplied as As(V).It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(V)during transport.Incontrast,phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(III).Therefore,the results from presentexperiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P.vittata,especially inthe fronds,when exposed to As(V);but the suppression of phosphate to As transport may be insignificant when P.vittata exposed toAs(III)under sand culture conditions.The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P.vittata.     

Effect of P fertilizer application on N balance of soybean crop in the guinea savanna of Nigeria

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is becoming increasingly important in the cereal-based cropping system of the Nigerian Guinea savanna zone and this justifies research on its effects on soil N. Although soybean can obtain 50% or more of its N requirement from the atmosphere, the N contribution of the crop to the system depends on the amount of N contained in roots, haulms, and fallen leaves after grain harvest. At four sites in the northern Guinea savanna, the effects on N balance of P fertilizer and soybean varieties of different duration were tested. The varieties received P fertilizer at the rates of 0, 30, and 60 kg P ha⁻¹. The total N accumulated aboveground at harvest averaged 104 kg N ha⁻¹ in the early and medium varieties, and 135 kg N ha⁻¹ in the late varieties. Across all varieties and sites, total N content was increased by 40–47% when P was applied. Apparent N harvest index averaged 85% but was not significantly affected by variety or P rate. When only grain was exported, the calculated N balance of the early and the medium varieties was −2.6 to −12.2 kg N ha⁻¹ while the longer duration varieties had positive N balances ranging from 2 to 10.9 kg N ha⁻¹. The N accrual was negative when P was not applied and ranged from 2.4 to 5.2 kg N ha⁻¹ with P application. The interaction of variety and site on the N balance was significant at P<0.05. N balance at the southernmost site was −14.2 kg N ha⁻¹ compared with 2.6–10 kg N ha⁻¹ at the northern sites where N₂ fixation was higher. The estimate of N balance is reduced when soybean haulms are exported. A positive N contribution by soybean is, therefore, possible in a soybean–cereal rotation when: (i) P is applied, (ii) the soybean variety is late maturing, and (iii) only grain is exported.