硫素对水稻吸收砷的生物有效性及其在土壤中形态影响

采用外源砷污染水稻土进行水稻盆栽实验,研究不同形态硫肥(单质硫和石膏)对水稻吸收砷的有效性及其在土壤中赋存形态的影响.结果表明,在水稻不同生育期内,土壤溶液pH平均值范围为7.38~7.45,且AsS0和AsS1处理的高于AsS2处理;土壤溶液氧化还原电位Eh值变化在200 mV左右,且AsS0处理高于AsS1和AsS2处理;从不同生育期水稻根系、地上部茎叶及籽粒干物重来看,施用S肥(单质硫及石膏)能提高水稻的干物质质量,单质硫和石膏处理的差异不显著;水稻根表胶膜以Fe膜为主,含量达到10~30 g·kg-1,Mn膜相对较少,含量仅为0.1~1.3 g·kg-1,根系吸附的铁锰胶膜含量的差异主要表现在分蘖期,单质硫处理能比石膏硫处理的能促进水稻根系表面铁锰胶膜的形成;水稻根表胶膜吸附As量分蘖期为583~719 mg·kg-1,孕穗期为466~621 mg·kg-1,扬花期和成熟期为310~384 mg·kg-1,这与铁锰胶膜形成厚度一致;施用S肥能明显降低水稻根系、地上部茎叶以及籽粒中As的含量,且施用石膏硫效果更好,这可能与孕穗期铁锰胶膜吸附As有关.根据土壤砷的赋存形态,非专性吸附态和专性吸附态As是最有活性的,在分蘖期AsS1处理它们之和显著低于AsS2处理的As含量2.85 mg·kg-1,而在扬花期AsS1处理Asnea+Asea之和高于AsS2处理的As含量0.77 mg·kg-1,或许有更多的As溶解于土壤溶液中,造成处理AsS1的生物有效性高于处理AsS2.     

绿肥间作和秸秆覆盖对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,农田土壤呼吸成为农业碳排放的主要途径,而绿肥对抑制温室气体排放、实现节能减排有巨大潜力.在我国西南紫色土地区,有关绿肥间作条件下的农田土壤呼吸特征尚不明确.通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,重点研究了秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英与油菜间作对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,与秸秆覆盖相比,隔根方式成为影响油菜根际土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,绿肥间作使油菜根际土壤有机碳含量显著降低;秸秆覆盖可促进油菜田间土壤呼吸,而绿肥间作抑制了油菜田间土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸受油菜生育阶段影响较大,呈现出先下降后升高再下降的总体特征,且与土壤温度之间表现出回归式抛物线关系,根际呼吸在油菜生长后期成为土壤呼吸的主要成分.     

生物表面活性剂-微生物强化紫花苜蓿修复多环芳烃污染土壤

在温室盆栽条件下,通过单独或联合添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RH)和接种多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用生物表面活性剂-微生物强化紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果.结果表明,添加鼠李糖脂和接种PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解.培养90d后,RH、DB处理的PAHs的降解率分别为30.0%和49.6%,均高于对照处理(CK)(21.7%).RH+DB处理PAHs的降解率最高达53.9%,说明鼠李糖脂和PAHs专性降解菌协同作用显著.另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率.同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高.所以添加鼠李糖脂和接种PAHs专性降解菌能够有效促进土壤多环芳烃降解.     

Ultraviolet irradiation induced oxidative stress and response of antioxidant system in an intertidal macroalgae Corallina o cinalis L.

The response of the antioxidant defense system of an intertidal macroalgae Corallina officinalis L. to different dosages of UV-B irradiation was investigated. Results showed that superoxide dimutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) increased and then maintained at a relatively stable level when subjected to UV-B irradiation. Catalase (CAT) activity under medium dosage of UV-B irradiation (Muv) and high dosage of UV-B irradiation (Huv) treatments were significantly decreased. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity first remained unaltered and then increased in Huv treatment. In addition, the assay on isozymes was carried out using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The activities of some SOD isoforms were altered by UV-B. Two new bands (POX V and POX Ⅶ) appeared upon exposure to all three UV-B dosages. CAT Ⅲ activity was increased by low dosage of UV-B irradiation (Luv),whereas CAT Ⅲ and CAT Ⅳ disappeared when the alga was exposed to Muv and Huv. Two bands of APX (APX Ⅵ and APX Ⅶ)were increased and a new band (APX X) was observed under Huv exposure. H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS)increased under Muv and Huv treatments. Overall, UV-B protection mechanisms are partly inducible and to a certain extent sufficient to prevent the accumulation of damage in C officinalis.     

两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响

在实验室模拟研究根系发达的沉水植物狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)和无固定根的沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)对上覆水、间隙水中各形态磷的浓度及含量比例的影响,探讨不同根系特征的沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响.结果表明,狐尾藻和金鱼藻生长期对上覆水和间隙水中各溶解态磷的浓度有较大的影响:(1)狐尾藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为7.0%、11.7%、3.5%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为20.8%、12.5%、48.4%;(2)金鱼藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为30.3%、54.9%、13.2%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为19.3%、3.8%、30.4%;(3)狐尾藻组、金鱼藻组、对照组上覆水中SRP含量比例较初始状态分别减少了13.0%、34.0%、-0.9%,PP分别增加了18.2%、33.1%、4.2%,DOP分别增加了7.2%、17.68%、-4.35%.研究结果可为同类富营养化湖泊生态修复提供理论指导.     

316L不锈钢在南海环境中的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究316L不锈钢在南海环境中的缝隙腐蚀行为.方法 利用自主设计的实海实验装置,在南海170 m水深的位置开展316L不锈钢缝隙腐蚀实验.利用光学显微镜观察试样的腐蚀形貌,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌,结合能谱仪(EDS)分析腐蚀产物膜的微区成分,并利用荧光显微镜观察缝隙腐蚀试样表面微生物...     

Firms' and states’ responses to laxer environmental standards

On June 1, 2017, President Trump announced the United States' withdrawal from the Paris agreement on climate change. Despite this decision, American firms continued investing in low-carbon technologies and some states committed to tougher environmental standards. To understand this apparent paradox, this paper studies how a weakening of environmental standards affects the behavior of profit-maximizing firms. It finds that a relaxation of emission standards (i) may increase firms’ incentives to adopt clean technologies, but not to pollute less; (ii) may negatively affect industry profitability if it is perceived as temporary; and, when this is the case, (iii) the unilateral adoption of stricter standards by large states may increase the expected profitability of every firm.     

When do environmental regulations backfire? Onsite industrial electricity generation,energy efficiency and policy instruments

More than half of all energy produced by electric utilities is lost in the form of waste heat. However, when manufacturing facilities choose to produce their own electricity, this waste heat is captured by Combined Heating and Power (CHP) technologies and used in the production process. As a result, manufacturers' pollution footprint can be dramatically reduced by choosing to produce electricity onsite rather than purchasing it from a utility. This paper uses Census microdata to study manufacturers’ decision to produce electricity onsite and examines how plants adjust onsite generation when they are subject to environmental regulations. Environmental regulations will backfire if they cause manufacturers to produce less electricity onsite and shift to electricity from less efficient, offsite electric utilities. We find that manufacturing plants subject to NOx command-and-control regulations decrease onsite electricity generation, increase electricity purchases from off-site utilities and see declines in their energy efficiency. However, manufacturers subject to cap-and-trade see no decline in onsite generation and experience improvements in energy efficiency. These findings demonstrate the importance of instrument selection and identify a new pathway through which emissions leakage may occur.     

微生物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)/肉桂酸途径生物转化制L-苯丙氨酸酶源菌种选育

Ｌ苯丙氨酸（Ｌｐｈｅｎｙｌａｌａｎｉｎｅ,ＬＰｈｅ）是生化营养的必需氨基酸之一,作为临床医药用氨基酸输液、食品、饲料添加剂的必需成份和一些抗癌药物苯丙氨酸氮芥、甲酰溶肉瘤素等合成的中间体而得到广泛应用．自１９６５年天冬甜肽（Ａｓｐａｒｔａｍｅ,ＡＰＭ,阿斯巴甜）发现并开发生产以来,这一新型甜味剂日渐风行,导致对高光学纯度ＬＰｈｅ这一主要构成原料需求量激增,人们纷纷开展ＬＰｈｅ的研制生产．在众多生物合成途径中,肉桂酸酶法转化生产ＬＰｈｅ的研究开发因其原料易得价廉,倍受国内外的许多公司和…     

苜蓿对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,多环芳烃菲对苜蓿的生长具有抑制作用,土壤中菲初始浓度越高抑制作用越明显.445.22 mg/kg条件下苜蓿茎叶和根的生物量最小,仅为无污染对照土壤的57.31%和31.20%.经过60 d的修复试验,苜蓿能够明显促进土壤中菲的降解.根际和非根际土壤中菲的去除率分别为85.68%～91.40%和75.25%～86.61%.同处理中根际土壤中菲残留浓度低于非根际土壤,而脱氢酶活性高于非根际土壤.无论是在非根际还是根际土壤中随着菲初始浓度增大,菲降解率和脱氢酶活性降低.脱氢酶活性与降解率的关系表明,脱氢酶活性与菲降解率显著正相关.所以植物根系的存在能够有效促进土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解.