芒荻类植物资源的开发和利用

研究发现,特产于我国东部的南荻TriarrhenalutarioriparaL.Liusp.nov.新种,植株高大,每年秆生长高度达5～7m,年产22.5～30t/hm²干荻秆;秆的纤维细胞含量50%左右(43%～65%),纤维细胞长度平均为3mm,最长可达6.8mm,是制造上等纸张的优质草类原料。芒荻类属于高光效碳四(C⁴)植物,是有价值的环保植物,在生长过程中,它比一般植物能更多地吸收CO²和放出O²,对平衡大气中的CO²/O²十分有利,并能降低温室效应。研究证明,南荻对环境适应演化的独特机制,能将大面积河湖荒滩湿地改变成为创造经济生态环保效益的生产基地。     

Soil N balance as affected by soybean maturity class in the Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Legume–cereal rotation may reduce the fertilizer requirement of the cereal crop and we hypothesize that the benefit depends on the maturity class of the soybean. Field trials were therefore conducted in 1995 in four Guinea savanna sites to monitor the effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivation on the N balance of the soil. In trial 1, an early (TGx1485-1D) and a late (TGx1670-1F) soybean were grown to maturity along with a maize (Zea mays L.) reference plot. In trial 2, six varieties of soybean (early: TGx1485-1D, TGx1805-2E and TGx1681-3F; medium: TGx1809-12E and TGx923-2E; late: TGx1670-1F) were grown to maturity along with a reference maize plot. The total nitrogen (N) content, aboveground N₂ fixed, and N remaining in the stover were higher in the medium and the late varieties than in early varieties. Also, the early varieties had higher nitrogen harvest indices (81–84%) than medium and late varieties (74–79%). From the N balance calculation, it was found that medium and late maturing soybean resulted in an addition of 4.2 kg N ha⁻¹ to the soil, whereas the early maturing varieties resulted in depletion of the soil N reserve by 5.6 kg N ha⁻¹ (P<0.05). On average, among the medium and late varieties, late maturing TGx923-2E resulted in an addition of 9.5 kg N ha⁻¹ to the soil. When the stover was not returned to the field, early soybean resulted in more negative N balance than the medium and late soybean (P<0.05). Therefore, planting an early variety of soybean for one season resulted in net depletion of soil N, even when the soybean residues were returned to the soil and N₂ fixed in the roots and N in the fallen leaf litter were included in the N balance calculations. Contrary to this, planting medium and late soybean for one season resulted in an addition of N to the soil. Therefore, medium and late soybean should be used as a preceding crop in legume–cereal rotation, if possible, to minimize or avoid depletion of soil N by early varieties of soybean.     

Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Larix Spp. and Pinus Sylvestris and Their Climatypes in Siberia

Inter- and intraspecific effects of climate change were assessed for the dominant conifers of Siberia (60–140^∘E and 48–75^∘N): Larix spp. (L. sibirica, L. dahurica, and L. sukaczewii) and Pinus sylvestris . The approach employed a tri-variate (degree-days above 5 ^∘C, degree-days below 0 ^∘C, and a moisture index) estimate of the climatic envelope within which exists the actual ecological distribution of a species and their constituent climatypes (genotypes physiologically attuned to similar environments). Limits of the actual ecological distribution were approximated by reducing the climatic envelope according to effects of permafrost and interspecific competition. Climatypes were mapped within the climatic envelope according to the climatic interval that must separate populations for reasonable assurance of genetic differentiation. This interval was calculated from response functions that related 13-year growth and survival of a species to the difference in climate between the provenance of a climatype and the climate of numerous test sites distributed across Russia. Mapping species' distributions and their climatypes was done for the contemporary climate and for future climates predicted by the HadCM3GGa1 scenario of Hadley Centre. The results showed that if the forests of the future are to reflect the adaptedness of today, the distribution of species will shift and genotypes within species will be redistributed. Some contemporary climatypes are projected to disappear from Siberia while others common elsewhere would evolve. To mitigate these effects, climatypes should be transferred today to the expected future location of their climatic optima, a distance that is likely to approach 700–1200 km for these species.     

饭豆(Vigna umbellata L.)根瘤菌的分离及多样性

从生长在湖北省几种不同土壤中两类饭豆(Vigna umbellata L.)的根瘤中分离、纯化并通过结瘤试验筛选出26株饭豆根瘤菌；对这些菌株和来自其它种属的8个参比菌株的培养特性、生长速度、耐酸碱性、生长最终pH值、耐盐性、天然抗药性、碳源和氮源的利用及部分快生型菌株质粒图谱进行了系统的比较研究，并通过聚类分析得到数值分类树状图谱。结果发现，分离自不同类型土壤中的饭豆根瘤菌具有较大的多样性，在77％的相似水平上，形成了三大类群，群Ⅰ为慢生型菌群，群Ⅱ与群Ⅲ为快生型菌群，在80％相似水平上各群又可进一步划分为不同亚群，而且亚群中部分菌株的相似性与地理来源有相关性。图2表4参13。     

柿树被日本龟蜡蚧危害后挥发物的变化及其对红点唇瓢虫的引诱作用

研究了柿树(DiospyroskakiL.f.)受日本龟蜡蚧(CeroplastesjaponicusGreen)危害后,体内释放出的挥发性物质对天敌昆虫红点唇瓢虫(ChilocoruskuwanaeSilvestri)的招引作用.Y形嗅觉仪测定结果表明,瓢虫趋向受害枝叶的百分率为74.17%,明显大于趋向未受害枝叶的20.00%,t检验证明,二者间差异极显著;而受害轻微枝叶挥发物对红点唇瓢虫的诱导作用与未受害枝叶的诱导效果相比没有显著差异;说明日本龟蜡蚧对柿树的危害可诱导树体挥发性物质发生改变,增加了对红点唇瓢虫的引诱作用.经气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析发现,柿树未受害枝叶挥发物共有29种组分,烃类物质的相对含量占92.98%;受害枝叶释放出的挥发物组分有32种,烃类物质的相对含量增加到97.15%,另外减少了3种醇类化合物和2种烷烃类化合物,同时合成了8种新的组分,包括4种烃类、3种萜类和1种酮类.这些新合成的化合物极有可能在不同程度上参与了对瓢虫的招引作用.本文揭示了柿树受日本龟蜡蚧危害后,诱导其挥发出对天敌昆虫有引诱作用的化学信息素,为进一步试验确定有效成分和人工筛选模拟引诱剂,开辟生物防治新途径提供了基础依据.图1表2参16     

能源甘蔗不同叶位叶片形态、光合气体交换及其与产量关系

利用CI-203叶面积分析仪和CI-301CO2气体分析仪分析4个能源甘蔗品种分蘖期和伸长初期不同叶位层叶片的形态特征和光合气体交换特征参数.结果表明,不同基因型不同叶位层间叶片形态、光合气体交换特征参数存在显著差异.分蘖期和伸长初期蔗叶的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、长宽比等叶片形态参数和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用率等光合气体交换特征参数均表现为随着叶位的下降,自上而下逐渐变小.逐步回归分析结果表明,分蘖期第3叶的叶宽和水分利用率及第5叶的叶宽对产量形成影响较大;而伸长初期第1叶和第3叶的叶面积对产量形成影响较大.图8表4参15     

Al~（3＋）对绿豆根生长和根类细胞核仁的影响

研究了不同浓度铝离子［ｃ（Ａｌ３＿）＝１０１，１０－２，１０－３，１０－４和平共处０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）］对绿豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｒａｄｉａｔｕｓＬ．）根生长及根尖细胞核仁的影响．结果表明：ｃ（Ａｌ３＋）在１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上时对根生长和根尖细胞核仁都有着抑制作用．该仁受毒害后．核仁物质外溢细胞质内，严重时核仁物质几乎占据整个细胞质．该现象在分生组织细胞和根冠细胞中都可以观察到．     

甘蔗不同叶位叶片形态与冠层特征的关系

利用CI-100数字植物冠层分析仪和CI-203叶面积分析仪测定了4个甘蔗品种不同叶位层的冠层参数和相应叶位叶片的形态特征，结果表明：不同基因型不同叶位层问叶片形态、冠层空间结构和冠层辐射特征存在显著差异，不同叶位层叶面积指数、叶簇倾角和叶分布的变化主要由冠层内不同叶位叶片叶宽的变化引起，而不同叶位层消光系数的变化主要与叶簇倾角和叶分布有关；散射光透过系数的变化主要与叶面积指数、叶簇倾角和叶分布有关，直射光透过系数的变化主要与叶分布、叶宽、长宽比有关，光合有效辐射的变化与叶面积指数、叶面积、叶宽、长宽比有关．研究结果同时表明，叶片形态与冠层辐射特征存在显著的典型相关关系．图2表4参15。     

中药青蒿的生理生化特征及其研究进展

中药青蒿即黄花蒿 (ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｎｎｕａＬ .) ,与分类学上的青蒿 (Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｐｉａｃｅａ)同属菊科 (ＡｓｔｅｒａｃｅａｅｏｒＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔａｅ)蒿属(Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ) ,两者均为一年生草本植物且形态上非常相似 ,最明显的区别是黄花蒿的叶片为三回羽状全裂 ,而青蒿为二回羽状全裂 .青蒿广泛分布于全国各地 ,多生于海拔 40 0ｍ以下的丘陵平地[1] .现在这种植物广泛分布于世界各地[2 ] .青蒿在许多地区被用于编制花环 ,提取香料 ,更重要的是从青蒿中分离出的青蒿素是所有抗疟药中起效最快、疗效最好、毒性最低…     

新生MnO2对直接染料废水的脱色作用

以化学法合成的新生MnO2作吸附剂，对直接桃红12B（Direct red 12B)，直接大红4B（Direct reb 4B)，直接耐晒蓝B2RL（Direct Fast blue B2RL)染料废水进行脱色研究，探讨了影响吸附的因素，结果表明：新生MnO2对三种染料的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式，吸附速率大，在适宜条件下对直接桃红，直接大红，直接耐晒蓝的脱色率分别为95．5％，96．2％和98．9％。