Persistence and mobility of 2,4-D in unsaturated soil zone under winter wheat crop in sub-tropical region of India

The present study was undertaken to determine the persistence and mobility of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in unsaturated soil zone under real field conditions for the wheat crop in Roorkee, India. Three experimental plots were chosen in the agricultural field itself to represent the real field conditions in the study area and the potential movement and persistence of herbicide 2,4-D was investigated under three different irrigation treatments. The presence of herbicide along with soil water content was determined in soil at different depths at a temporal scale. The movement of the herbicide was also simulated numerically by solving the coupled soil water content movement and mass transport equations using HYDRUS-1D. The measured soil water content trends and the 2,4-D concentration profiles showed a good agreement with the numerically simulated results. The maximum effect of the herbicide was primarily retained up to 15 cm of the soil profile. The current existing dosage of 0.5 kg ha⁻¹ of pesticide was found to be safe to avoid soil contamination as no residue of 2,4-D was traced at the end of the wheat crop season in any of the plots. Higher concentrations of 2,4-D were also simulated numerically and the simulated results showed that the safe dosage of pesticide application would depend on irrigation treatments.     

Mechanism of lead immobilization by oxalic acid-activated phosphate rocks

Lead (Pb) chemical fixation is an important environmental aspect for human health. Phosphate rocks (PRs) were utilized as an adsorbent to remove Pb from aqueous solution. Raw PRs and oxalic acid-activated PRs (APRs) were used to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the Pb-binding capacity in the pH range 2.0-5.0. The Pb adsorption rate of all treatments above pH 3.0 reached 90%. The Pb binding on PRs and APRs was pH-independent, except at pH 2.0 in activated treatments. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the raw PRs formed cerussite after reacting with the Pb solution, whereas the APRs formed pyromorphite. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carbonate (CO₃^2-) in raw PRs and phosphate (PO₄^3-) groups in APRs played an important role in the Pb-binding process. After adsorption, anomalous block-shaped particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data further indicated that both chemical and physical reactions occurred during the adsorption process according to the binding energy. Because of lower solubility of pyromorphite compared to cerussite, the APRs are more effective in immobilizing Pb than that of PRs.     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬(Ⅵ)地下水的实验研究

用硫酸改性的粉煤灰作为吸附剂,处理含铬(Ⅵ)为5mg/L地下水,最佳条件为:pH=2,液固比10000:3,25℃下反应3h。处理后水样铬(VI)浓度0.03mg/L,满足(GB/T 14848-93)《地下水环境质量标准》。在不改变原水pH条件下,增加粉煤灰用量,水样中铬(VI)浓度也可由5mg/L降至0.05mg/L。同时,吸附剂对铬(VI)的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温线。     

基于最优分割理论的酸雨监控点位的分类研究

Fisher最优分割法是用离差平方和来表示同类样本之间的差异程度,通过简便的计算步骤和作图,确定最优分类数,使同类样本间的差异最小,各类别样本间的差异最大,并用F检验法检验最优分类数的合理性。文章根据Fisher最优分割法的理论内涵,研究其应用于酸雨环境监测优化布点的可行性。以漳州市沿海区域监测点为研究实例,用Fisher最优分割法确定最优的分类情况和最优的优化布点方案。结果表明,原布设的9个监测点用Fisher最优分割法优化为3个典型点位,可客观地反映漳州市酸雨控制区的整体污染状况和污染趋势,该方法理论内涵直观、计算简便、重复性好,对环境质量监测有重要的意义。     

载银活性炭活化过硫酸钠降解酸性橙7

采用硝酸氧化的颗粒活性炭浸渍制备Ag/GAC活化剂,利用N₂吸附、 SEM、 FT-IR及XRD对Ag/GAC进行表征,得出Ag成功负载于颗粒活性炭上,并以Ag/GAC在常温常压下活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO^－4 ·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7). 考察了Ag负载量、 PS浓度、 Ag/GAC投加量、 初始pH对AO7降解效果的影响. 结果表明,当Ag负载量为12.7 mg ·g^-1、 n(PS) :n(AO7)为120 :1、 Ag/GAC投加量为1.0 g ·L^-1,降解180 min后AO7降解率达95.0%以上. 初始pH对Ag/GAC活化PS降解AO7有较大影响,pH为5.0时降解效果最优. 通过紫外可见光谱、 气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了探讨,在降解过程中AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有邻苯二甲酸和乙酰苯.     

废塑料再生企业排污河道沉积物酞酸酯污染特征与生态风险评价

为研究酞酸酯(PAEs)的环境行为及其生态风险,特选择有近30年废塑料处理历史的莱州市沙河镇珍珠河流域为研究对象,采集了26个0～10 cm表层沉积物样品与8个10～30 cm底层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试了被USEPA列为优先控制污染物的6种PAEs含量,分析其污染水平、空间分布、表层与底层沉积物中PAEs含量差异并进行生态风险评价.结果表明,表层沉积物中酞酸酯总含量(∑_6PAEs)范围为nd～39.36 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为10.42 mg·kg~(-1);DEHP含量范围为nd～35.90 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为9.46 mg·kg~(-1),占∑_6PAEs的90.8%.底层沉积物中酞酸酯总含量(∑_6PAEs)范围为nd～97.11 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为21.64 mg·kg~(-1);DEHP含量范围为nd～93.9 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为20.4 mg·kg~(-1),占∑_6PAEs的94.1%.底层沉积物中DEHP与DnOP的贡献率较表层高,但表层沉积物中各类PAEs及∑_6PAEs含量高于底层沉积物.在空间特征上,PAEs与废塑料处理产业集中区域密切相关,同时显示出与河道动力学相关的不均衡性.生态风险评价显示,该地PAEs污染具有较大的不可接受的生态风险.     

活性炭的表面性质对CeOx/AC催化臭氧氧化水中苯甲酸的影响机制

实验对活性炭(activated carbon,AC)进行了氧改性、氮改性、硫改性和氮-硫共改性,考查AC的表面性质对CeO_x/AC催化臭氧氧化苯甲酸性能的影响.结果表明,相比氧改性活性炭ACO、硫改性活性炭ACS和氮改性活性炭ACN,氮-硫共改性活性炭ACNS由于含氮官能团和含硫官能团的引入,提高了对苯甲酸的吸附性能和催化臭氧氧化性能.采用氮-硫共改性活性炭为载体制备的CeO_x/ACNS催化剂表面Ce~(3+)含量最高,因而具有最高的催化活性,反应30 min,苯甲酸的去除率由单独臭氧氧化的22%提高到88%,TOC的去除率单独臭氧氧化的7%提高到55%.CeO_x/ACNS催化剂具有良好的稳定性,循环使用6次,苯甲酸的去除率仅从88%降低到82%,整个过程中活性组分Ce的流失只占负载量的0.32%,是一种很有应用潜力的臭氧氧化催化剂.     

HPO42-和H2PO4-对蒙脱石-胡敏酸胶体凝聚的影响

为探究HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-界面行为对土壤胶体凝聚的影响,以蒙脱石和胡敏酸胶体为研究对象,采用动态光散射技术比较研究HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-引发胶体颗粒凝聚过程的差异.结果表明,随着电解质离子强度的升高,HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-体系蒙脱石-胡敏酸混合悬液从慢速凝聚（线性增长）转化为快速凝聚（幂函数增长）,但胶体凝聚过程对H₂PO₄^-体系离子强度的变化更敏感.HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-作用下凝聚体有效粒径增长、总体平均凝聚速率（TAA）、临界聚沉离子强度（CCIS）和活化能均存在明显差异;其中,与HPO₄^2-相比,H₂PO₄^-体系中拥有更高的TAA、更低的CCIS和活化能,说明H₂PO₄^-离子引发蒙脱石-胡敏酸混合胶体凝聚的作用更强,HPO₄^2-体系中CCIS是H₂PO₄^-中的2.43倍.HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-体系中离子特异性效应的差异（活化能差值）随离子强度的降低而增大,主要由强电场中离子非经典极化作用引发.胡敏酸的添加明显增加了HPO₄^2-体系中胶体的CCIS和活化能,而对H₂PO₄^-体系未产生明显影响;HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-离子特异性效应的强弱在不同比例蒙脱石/胡敏酸体系中表现为96%蒙脱石+4%胡敏酸 >> 99%蒙脱石+1%胡敏酸 > 100%蒙脱石.以上结果表明HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-对蒙脱石-胡敏酸混合胶体的凝聚存在强烈的离子特异性效应,胶体表面附近电场强度直接影响该效应的强弱.     

环境因子对胡敏酸介导下SDZ光解行为的影响

研究了在纯水条件及两种不同来源胡敏酸（HA）介导下,磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）和水稻土胡敏酸（SDHA）、泥炭土胡敏酸（NTHA）的不同浓度、pH值、光敏离子（NO₃^-和Fe³⁺）、离子强度（NaCl）以及金属离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺）等环境因子对SDZ紫外光降解的影响.结果表明：光照下,pH=7.1对两种体系的SDZ光降解有促进作用且效果最好.低SDZ浓度（2mg/L）以及低HA浓度（15mg/L）条件下使SDZ光解速率较快.光敏离子中NO₃^-通过光生·OH,促进了纯水中SDZ的光解,但在HA体系中,HA具有猝灭·OH的效应造成SDZ的光解速率低于纯水;Fe³⁺在HA体系下均表现为抑制作用,且抑制强度为NTHA>SDHA.在纯水中SDZ的光解速率随NaCl浓度增加而增加,HA介导下,较低浓度NaCl（C_NaCl=50mmol/L）抑制作用较强.金属离子（K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）在纯水中对SDZ的光解影响程度较弱,但在HA体系中均表现为抑制作用,抑制强度为K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺,单价阳离子对SDZ光降解影响较为明显.