O3／H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2加入量的简易控制方法

对与臭氧有着不同反应活性的3类有机污染物，探讨并建立了O3／H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2较优投加量的简易控制方法。结果表明，水中存在溶解臭氧是H2O2与臭氧降解效率具有协同作用的必要条件，另外，H2O2的较优加入量直接依赖于目标有机污染物与臭氧的反应活性。对于不同的有机物及在常规的臭氧化水处理时间内，H2O2加入量控制在单独臭氧化处理时水中溶解臭氧的20-30倍（质量比）之间为宜。这种简易控制H2O2加入量的方法对推广O3／H2O2技术在实际废水处理中的应用具有重要的意义。     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对市政污泥中重金属的去除与风险评价

污泥的重金属污染严重制约其资源化利用,为探讨皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗去除污泥中重金属的效果,为污泥的资源化利用提供理论依据,以武汉市4个市政污泥样品(S1、S2、S3、S4)为研究对象,选取1％的皂角苷和0.1 mol/L的柠檬酸联合淋洗1?4次,对淋洗前后污泥中重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr的含量和形态进行了...     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.     

草酸浸取废SCR催化剂制备光催化剂

采用草酸浸取废SCR催化剂,得到钛钨粉,制备Bi₂WO₆/钛钨粉复合光催化剂,考察了其对罗丹明B的光催化降解性能。制备光催化剂的优化工艺条件为：采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为表面活性剂,n（Bi₂WO₆）∶n（钛钨粉）=2∶1,前驱液pH为5,水热反应时间为18 h。在此条件下制备的光催化剂在可见光下降解罗丹明B,反应 60 min,罗丹明B降解率达94.30%。表征结果显示：钛钨粉小颗粒散落在Bi₂WO₆片表面,为光催化反应提供了更多的活性位点;Bi₂WO₆和钛钨粉两者结合可提高光生电子和空穴的分离效率,进而提高催化剂的光催化活性。Bi₂WO₆/钛钨粉光催化剂对罗丹明 B 的降解符合一级反应动力学规律。     

煤矸石酸雨淋滤特征的研究

本文对重庆中梁山煤矸石在自然酸度和模拟酸雨下静态态及动态淋溶特征进行了研究。结果表明,淋出液成弱碱性,其中的铅、锌、铬、镍、铜和铁等元素的浓度均超过了水综合排放标准和地面水环境质量标准规定的阈值;在模拟酸雨中上述离子的溶出能力强于在于蒸溜水中;温度升高时各元素及总离子的淋出量增大。     

对氨基苯胂酸的生命周期评价

本文介绍了最常用的有机胂制剂——对氨基苯胂酸的主要用途和污染特征,从生命周期的角度识别并定量评价了其生产、使用和残留过程的环境影响,评价结果表明对氨基苯胂酸在土壤中最终残留的环境骰响占其整个生命周期的99％以上,指出了常规环境影响评价在评价其环境污染上的局限性,据此提出逐步减少或禁止有机胂制剂的生产和使用、并在一些特殊的建设项目环境影响评价中推广生命周期评价的建议。     

采油作业“三废”控制技术研究与应用

针对采油作业产生的废酸、固废、废水处理成本高、技术不成熟等问题,研发改性废酸降压增注、深部调剖技术;高比重污泥悬浮研磨后的固废处理技术;低耗水打塞、原井液+CaCl2压井、原井液处理再利用技术,减少了"三废"的产生,解决了"三废"环保处理费高等问题,消除了环保隐患,实现了清洁生产,环境效益显著。     

酸沉降对马尾松菌根内Al积累和细胞损伤的影响

研究了酸沉降下马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)菌根共生体内Al的积累分布和根系细胞损伤状况,探讨了Al在马尾松根系和菌根的毒害位点及马尾松菌根的抗Al机制.结果表明,低pH值促进了Al在马尾松根尖皮层细胞壁和胞间大量积累;根系伸长区内Al含量明显低于根尖对照;茎、叶中Al含量较少;菌根能积累大量Al于菌丝内.酸和Al处理后根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性明显升高,丙二醛(MDA)增加.同时,根尖皮层细胞膨大变形,膜系统严重受损,细胞核膨大,核质凝集,线粒体膜明显受损;液泡增多并膨大,在150祄ol/L Al³⁺和pH值2.0处理时细胞明显衰老并出现空泡化;而菌根的形成能明显减轻酸和Al对细胞的损伤.     

Cu2+强化UV活化过氧乙酸降解水中的双氯芬酸

研究了Cu²⁺强化UV活化过氧乙酸（Cu²⁺/UV/PAA）对水中双氯芬酸（DCF）的降解,考察了pH值、PAA投加量、Cu²⁺投加量、无机阴离子（Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和CO₃^2-）和溶解有机物（DOM）对DCF去除的影响;探讨了DCF在该体系中的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明：UV和Cu²⁺都能活化PAA产生活性自由基促进DCF降解.DCF在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA中的降解遵循准一级动力学,其降解可能归因于直接光解、HO^·氧化和CH₃COO^·、CH₃COOO^·等其它自由基氧化.在pH=3~11范围内,DCF降解的最佳pH=8.5.DCF的降解效率随着PAA投加量的增大而逐渐增高,过量的PAA能与DCF竞争HO^·.Cu²⁺用量的提高也能促进DCF的去除,但是过量的Cu²⁺可生成Cu（OH）₂导致其催化能力下降.由于NO₃^-在UV照射下可以产生HO^·,其对DCF降解有促进作用,且NO₃^-浓度越高,促进作用越明显.不同浓度的Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和DOM对DCF降解影响较小.在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA降解DCF的过程中,共检测出13种降解产物.根据这些降解产物,提出了DCF可能的转化机理,包括8种不同的反应路径.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.