Effect of a subchronic exposure to Simazine on energetic metabolism of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The energetic parameters, such as glycogen, glucose, proteins, lactate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) activity in tissues and blood of carps from simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) contaminated waters were investigated. In order to confirm the field results, a laboratory experiment was designed in which carps were exposed to simazine at the concentration level of 45 μ g. L^{? 1} (10-fold of the amount found in natural waters) for 90 days. Fish from a contaminated reservoir showed low glycogen concentrations in hepatopancreas and muscle, while fish in another contaminated reservoir showed high LDH activity together with an increase in lactate content in muscle. Laboratory findings did not confirm field results, and fish exposed to simazine did not show alterations in the parameters studied. The results suggest that carps were not stressed by the presence of the simazine at the concentration levels found in both studies and the mechanisms of defense covered the energetic demand.     

Antimicrobial effects of clofibrate on the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum

Abstract

The biological effects of clofibrate (ethyl p‐chlorophenoxy‐isobutyric acid) on the growth and metabolism of the soil‐borne wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum, were examined.

In mid log phase (16 hr) cultures both phenylalanine uptake and secondary spore production were stimulated at 0.1 μM concentration; the net sterol content was reduced 50% at 0.35 μM; oxygen uptake was stimulated at 0.1 mM; growth was inhibited 50% at 0.1 mM concentration. Both phenylalanine and oxygen uptake were inhibited at 1.0 mM and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was reduced 50% at 50 mM concentration of clofibrate.

The data indicate that clofibrate affects a number of biological and enzyme systems. The inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogen suggest a potential use of hypolipidemic agents like clofibrate as an antifungal agent for seed protection.     

抗生素类污染物对活性污泥生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价

尽管衡量化学物质生物毒性的标准方法很多,但关于环境中抗生素类污染物的生物毒性及其对污泥活性影响的科学数据较少。以磺胺和四环素两类作用机理和作用谱带不同的抗生素为研究对象,分别用发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、生长抑制法及呼吸速率法进行了抗生素类污染物生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价。结果表明,发光细菌标准方法中30min的作用时间太短,延长作用时间不仅导致各种抗生素的EC50值大幅度降低,同时毒性排列顺序也发生了改变;以活性污泥为对象的脱氢酶活性和呼吸速率抑制实验的EC50值与抗生素类物质对敏感致病菌的MICs相比异常高,不适宜于作为单独方法准确评估抗生素类污染物的生物毒性。生长抑制实验中,活性污泥混合菌种增殖生长对磺胺类抗生素敏感,而假单胞杆菌对四环素类抗生素敏感。不同方法测定抗生素毒性的灵敏度顺序是发光细菌(24 h)>生长抑制(7 h)>呼吸速率(24 h)>脱氢酶活性(24 h)。用标准方法评价抗生素类污染物的生物毒性,可能导致对抗生素排放到水环境中所带来的风险估计不足。     

磺胺和四环素类抗生素对活性污泥性能的影响简

废水处理工艺中抗生素类污染物的存在可能会对生物处理过程产生长期而深远的影响,为探明此类污染物对废水生物处理主体活性污泥性能等方面的影响,采用间歇培养法研究了活性污泥法处理污水时,抗生素类污染物的存在对活性污泥性能如胞外聚合物（EPS）、污染物处理能力、脱氢酶活性和群落结构的影响。结果表明,抗生素的存在会导致活性污泥的胞外聚合物总量及其主要组分蛋白质和多糖增加,以产生保护屏障;且由于污泥絮体解体,细胞破裂导致EPS中DNA和色氨酸含量增加。同时,由于蛋白质大量增加引起的表面负电荷的增加,使污泥疏水性增强,絮凝性能恶化;污泥絮体解体导致污泥颗粒变小,SVI也随之下降;在活性污泥脱氢酶活性急剧下降的同时,出水TOC迅速升高。此外,抗生素类污染物在抑制活性污泥中大部分细菌的同时,对部分菌群也有刺激生长作用,最终导致活性污泥生物群落结构的改变。四环素类抗生素对活性污泥的EPS和絮凝沉降性能的影响大于磺胺类,而对污水处理能力和群落结构的影响则不如磺胺类。抗生素类污染物的长期存在会对活性污泥沉降性能、絮凝性能、脱氢酶活性以及活性污泥群落结构等产生一系列负面影响,进而影响污染物去除效果,导致出水水质恶化。     

红霉素对菲降解菌GY2B的毒性及抗生素后效应

为了解抗生素对环境污染物高效降解菌的生态效应,通过红霉素对菲高效降解菌GY2B的毒性实验以及抗生素后效应(PAE)的测定,研究了菌体细胞在红霉素作用下的生理、毒理指标以及后效应期间菌体的变化。结果表明,GY2B对红霉素的最高耐受(99.9%死亡率)浓度为25μg/mL,长期接触低于25μg/mL的红霉素可降低GY2B对药物敏感性,使其产生耐药性;当红霉素浓度高于最低抑菌浓度(0.25μg/mL)时,能显著降低菌体细胞的总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,引起活性氧对菌体的损伤,亦能显著降低乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力,但对菌体细胞有氧呼吸水平的影响会随着时间逐渐减弱;GY2B在短暂接触红霉素后2~3 h即可复苏生长(菌密度增加10倍),但红霉素能对GY2B产生明显的后效应,诱发细胞SOS修复机制和自溶现象,使得DNA含量发生显著变化。因此,环境中抗生素对污染物降解微生物的生态效应值得关注。     

Effect of illumination on the hydrogen-production capability of anaerobic activated sludge

To investigate the influence of illumination on the fermentative hydrogen production system, the hydrogen production efficiencies of two kinds of anaerobic activated sludge (floc and granule) from an anaerobic baffled reactor were detected under visible light, dark and light-dark, respectively. The 10 mL floc sludge or granular sludge was respectively inoculated to 100 mL diluted molasses (chemical oxygen demand of 8000 mg·L^-1) in a 250 mL serum bottle, and cultured for 24 h at 37°C under different illumination conditions. The results showed that the floc was more sensitive to illumination than the granule. A hydrogen yield of 19.8 mL was obtained in the dark with a specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1 (floc), which was the highest among the three illumination conditions. Under dark condition, the hydrogen yield of floc sludge reached the highest with the specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, and under light-dark, light, the specific hydrogen production rate was 3.11 and 2.21 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the illumination may affect the dehydrogenase activity of sludge as well as the activity of hydrogen-producing acetogens and then impact hydrogen production capacity.     

甲胺磷对土壤中磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响

报道了土壤中施入不同浓度有机磷杀虫剂甲胺磷（ｍｅｔｈａｍｉｄｏｐｈｏｓ）后对土壤磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明：甲胺磷对脱氢酶和３种磷酸酶的活性均有不同程度的抑制。其抑制强度和作用时间随浓度升高而加剧和延长，但随着时间的推移，这种抑制作用逐渐消失，并产生微弱的刺激效应。甲胺磷对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响大于中性和碱性磷酸酶。初步讨论了酶活性与微生物生长的变化情况。     

耕作措施对华北夏玉米田土壤温度和酶活性的影响

为探讨长期耕作措施下华北平原夏玉米生长季土壤温度与酶活性的变化规律,本研究对四种耕作处理（免耕秸秆还田NTS,旋耕秸秆还田RTS,翻耕秸秆还田CTS和翻耕秸秆不还田CT）下土壤层次的温度和酶活性进行了测定和分析。结果表明：同一土壤层次的各耕作处理均从6：00．18：00呈现正弦波的变化特征;免耕、旋耕等保护性耕作处理在玉米的生育期内温度变化平稳,日均差均小于翻耕秸秆还田和翻耕秸秆不还田;免耕秸秆还田处理土壤酶活性最高,脲酶活性在夏玉米的3个生育期（播种期、大喇叭口期和收获期）分别高于翻耕秸秆不还田处理28．98％,35．62％和24．9％,碱性磷酸酶分别高32．7％,11．94％和10．39％,脱氢酶分别高27．53％,20．39％和30．53％,旋耕和翻耕秸秆还田处理3种酶的活性也明显高于翻耕秸秆不还田处理;旋耕与翻耕秸秆还田处理脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的差异不显著,脱氢酶的差异达到了5％的差异显著水平;通过研究表明在华北平原采用少免耕为主的保护性耕作措施,可以提高土壤酶活性,降低成本,提高经济效益。     

多孔填料特性对生物膜形成影响

多孔填料是曝气生物滤池(BAF)的重要构成部分,是影响BAF污水处理效果的关键.目前填料种类繁多,但其表面理化特性对生物膜形成的影响规律并不清楚,如何比选最佳生物填料一直是BAF工程应用的难题.通过研究BAF常用的几种多孔生物填料本身的物化特性,考察其物化特性与填料上生物膜的生物附着量及酶活性之间的相关性.结果表明,海绵填料虽然易吸附污泥,但是易堵塞,整体生物膜活性不高;立体空心填料虽然表面吸附的生物量较低,但是比表面积大,表面附着生长的生物膜活性较强;陶粒因具有良好的亲水性和较高的表面粗糙度,且Zeta电位最正,易于微生物附着生长,污泥附着性能最强,且生物膜活性最好.通过冗余分析(RDA)分析可知,影响填料表面生物量的主要因素是Zeta电位;影响填料表面污泥活性的主要因素是空隙率.通过6组反应器对NH⁺₄-N的去除负荷可知,陶粒对NH⁺₄-N的去除负荷最大,为68 g·(m³·d)^-1,火山岩次之,为67 g·(m³·d)^...     

ABR反应器处理碱减量印染废水的启动研究

对折流板厌氧反应器(ABR)处理碱减量印染废水的启动过程进行了实验研究.ABR接种厌氧颗粒污泥,以模拟碱减量印染废水作为启动进水,在温度为32～35℃,进水pH值为7.8～8.3条件下,采用低负荷方式启动ABR.反应器经过了70 d共6个阶段的连续运行后完成启动,实现了对碱减量印染废水的高效稳定运行.稳定运行反应器的平均容积负荷(以COD计)达到1.93 kg·(m3.d)-1,出水pH值7.3左右,COD平均去除率为78%以上.启动后期ABR各隔室功能分区较为明显并且形成了性能良好的厌氧颗粒污泥,相对于启动前期各隔室内颗粒污泥的粒径增大,沉降性能变好,颗粒污泥的f(MLVSS/MLSS)值均达到0.65以上.启动完成后各隔室内的微生物具有较高活性,ABR中厌氧颗粒污泥的平均DHA浓度(以TF计)和平均辅酶F420浓度分别为88.8μ(g·h)-1和0.18μmol·g-1.