根据片段常数法估算有机化合物对虹鳟的LC50值

根据 2 58种有机物对虹鳟的 96h半数致死浓度 (LC50 )实测值建立了预测有机物对虹鳟LC50 的片段常数估算模型 .讨论了模型的误差和稳健性 .结果表明 ,有机物的片段常数及结构因子与虹鳟log1 /LC50 之间具有很好的定量关系 .可以根据化合物片段估算其对虹鳟的半数致死浓度 .最终模型的可决系数为 0 94 95,平均误差0 4 2个对数单位 .无论就单一化合物或化合物类别而言 ,模型均具有较高的稳健性     

Seven microcystins from Microcystis waterbloom in Lake Dalai,China

Seven types of microcystins,isolated from Microcystis waterbloom in Lake Dalai, were characterized.The major toxins:MCYST-LR,MCYST-RR,[D-Asp³]MCYST-LR and [Dha⁷]MCYST-LR were identified by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),as compared with the authentic microcystins.The minor toxins:MCYST FR,[L-Mser⁷]MCYST-LR and an unknown MCYST which was most likely to be MCYST-(H₄)YR were identified with fritfast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(Frit-FAB LC/MS)and amino acid analysis.The toxigenic diversity in blue-green algae(cyanobacteria)was discussed.     

Persistence of azadirachtin A and B in soil: Effects of temperature and microbial activity

Abstract

The persistence of two insecticidally active compounds from the neem tree, azadirachtin A and B, was determined at two different temperatures (15 and 25°C) in the laboratory after application of the commercial neem insecticide, Margosan‐O, to a sandy loam soil. The influence of microbial activity on degradation was also examined by comparing autoclaved and non‐autoclaved soils also at 15 and 25°C. Temperature influenced degradation rates. The DT ₅₀ (time required for 50% disappearance of the initial concentration) for azadirachtin A was 43.9 and 19.8 d for non‐autoclaved soil kept at 15 and 25°C, respectively. The DT ₅₀ for azadirachtin B was 59.2 and 20.8 d for non‐autoclaved soil kept at 15 and 25°C, respectively. Microbial activity was also responsible for faster degradation because DT ₅₀ ’s for autoclaved soil were much longer than for non‐autoclaved soils. DT ₅₀ ‘_s for azadirachtin A in autoclaved soil were 91.2 (15°C) and 31.5 d (25°C). DT50’s for azadirachtin B in autoclaved soil were 115.5 (15°C) and 42.3 d (25°C). Two degradation products of azadirachtin were detected, but were not identified. Higher levels of the two degradation products were detected in non‐autoclaved soil.     

氯苯甲酸植物毒性实验中抗氧化酶变化的量化研究

为研究氯苯甲酸(CBA)的植物毒性,评估生物化学参数能否作为CBA植物毒性的指示因子,采用对CBA敏感的小白菜种子和大白菜种子进行暴露实验,在根伸长抑制率为10%～50%的质量浓度范围内,研究了CBA剂量-抗氧化酶活性的关系.结果表明:随着CBA质量浓度的升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性总体上呈逐渐上升至峰值然后下降趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与SOD活性近似,呈先升后降趋势,但幅度大于SOD活性.对CBA剂量-酶活性抑制率进行了回归分析,对拟合效果进行了显著性检验(P<0.05),并求出相应的半效应浓度(EC50),实验材料的SOD和CAT活性的EC50均在实验区间之外,POD活性的EC50则在实验区间之内,表明在实验区间内,SOD和CAT活性不敏感,POD活性为有效指标      

氯代苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性及QSAR研究

采用细菌生长抑制实验,测定了18种氯苯类化合物对长江水中混合细菌的毒性,得到24 hIC₅₀值,-1gIC₅₀为3.65～4.32,其中,毒性最弱的是氯苯,毒性最强的是1,2,4-三氯苯.选用分子连接性指数法对毒性数据进行定量结构活性关系(QSAR)研究.结果表明,氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性与苯环上取代基的种类、数目和位置有关,价分子连接性指数0XV和7X_CHV能够很好地描述氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性.方程-1gIC₅₀=0.8390XV-25.3727X_CHV+0.802的稳健性很好,该模型的预测值与毒性实测值之间的相关系数达0.948.      

有机磷农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用及QSAR研究

以碘化硫代乙酰胆碱为底物,二硫代二硝基苯甲酸为显色剂,采用分光光度法测定了21种有机磷农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的半抑制浓度(IC₅₀).运用多元线性回归分析以及参数间的自相关分析建立有机磷农药对AChE抑制作用的QSAR模型.模型分析表明,有机磷农药对AChE的抑制作用主要受特定方向上的原子极化率及原子的电拓扑状态的影响,是多因素综合作用的结果.模型可解释高达78%的数据变异和显著的预测能力(q²=0.653),表明有机磷农药对AChE的抑制作用可借助结构活性关系模型进行预测与评价.     

Regulation of autophagy in rat hepatocytes treated in vitro with low concentration of mercury

Several proteins are implicated in the regulation of autophagy in cells under various physiological and pathological conditions. Recently it was found that in vitro initiation of autophagy in 5 μM mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) treated rat hepatocytes occurred within 30 min of incubation. The aim of this study was to monitor the autophagy–ubiquitination link to determine the regulatory mechanisms underlying autophagy at a concentration of 5 μM HgCl₂. Autophagic cell death was evidenced by the presence of LC3B positive hepatocytes throughout the incubation period of 4 hr. Autophagosome maturation occurred following 1 hr of metal treatment accompanied by an enhanced expression of several regulatory proteins such as p62, Keap1, and caspase-8, which drive the hepatocytes toward autophagy. In addition, the rate of increase in down-regulation in a p38 expression was significantly higher than that of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) at 1 hr incubation, followed by a significant decline in the p38 level at 2 and 4 hr following metal treatment. In contrast, the expression of ERK remained higher than that of p38 at 2 and 4 hr. Data indicate that intracellular activation of the major regulatory proteins such as LC3B, caspase-8, Keap1, p62, ERK, and p38 modulates autophagy through ubiquitination in rat hepatocytes exposed to low concentrations of Hg.     

The fate of the poor in growing mineral and energy economies

There are frequent suggestions that countries specializing in mineral and energy extraction have a type of growth that is bad for the poor. Others claim that extraction-led growth is particularly good for the poor. Both claims are made without the support of substantial empirical evidence. This paper uses longitudinal data on income growth by quintile in 57 developed and developing countries to statistically assess how mineral and energy extraction has affected the relationship between growth and the poor. We can find no evidence that the data support either the claim that extraction-led growth is good for the poor or that extraction-led growth is bad for the poor. This finding does not rule out that extractive activity can have special positive or negative impacts on the poor in some countries or regions. Rather, it simply brings to light that such effects are not evident as a persistent statistical phenomenon in the national level data that are available, which may be why the debate tends to move along without resolution.     

改进的QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS法快速检测蔬菜中7种农药残留

研究建立了蔬菜中农药多残留的快速检测QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS方法,优化了实验方案,样品以0.1%乙酸的乙腈（V/V）作为溶剂,Agilent Bond Elut提取试剂盒对样品进行1 min提取后,用C18和Agilent Bond Elut净化试剂盒净化。结果表明：7种农药的平均回收率为72%～127%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～16.3%,检出限为0.004～0.022 mg·kg^-1。该方法减少了溶剂用量,缩短了检测时间,每个样品溶剂用量仅为20 mL,每个样品的前处理费用大约为30元,一个实验人员每日可以处理50～60个蔬菜样品,真正实现农残的快速、简便、廉价、有效、灵敏、安全检测。     

Occurrence of sulfonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA

Samples from six private wells formerly used as sources for drinking water by the residents of Washington County (Weiser, Idaho) were collected to assess the impact of a nearby confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) on the quality of the local groundwater. All six samples were found contaminated by two veterinary antimicrobials, sulfamethazine (at concentrations from 0.076 to 0.22 μg/l) and sulfadimethoxine (at concentrations from 0.046 to 0.068 μg/l). These groundwater samples also contained elevated concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Three of the sampled wells have nitrate levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, with nitrate concentration as high as 39.1 mg/l. All but one well showed nitrate, which instead contained ammonium at 1.22 mg/l. Analysis of the nitrate and ammonium in these samples by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry indicated δ¹⁵N characteristic of an animal or human waste source. Results from this study underscore the role of CAFO as an important source of antibiotic contamination of groundwater.