The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early‐warning studies

Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water‐chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.     

Differentiated impacts of environmental policies on the Colombian Frontier: coercive conservation and containment of illicit activities in the Pacific and the Ariari region

ABSTRACT

This article, through the use of political ecology perspectives on coercive conservation, aims to explain how in two separate Colombian Natural Parks and buffer zones, environmental policies designed to (re)take control of the frontier, have produced a similar territorial differentiation in the contention of illicit activities. Los Farallones in the Colombian Pacific and La Macarena/Puerto Rico in the Ariari region have experienced different stages of the armed conflict and are at the center of this analysis. I argue that in the contexts of both conflict escalation (1998–2007) and conflict de-escalation (2008–2016), the State in its attempt to control the frontier has not only had military intervention in areas of conservation but has also reinforced environmental programs that attack illegal mining and coca, producing both a territorially differentiated containment of illicit activities and an uneven progression of the illicit frontier.     

La/Ce掺杂钛基二氧化铅电极的制备及电催化性能研究

采用电沉积法制备了稀土La、Ce改性的钛基二氧化铅(Ti/PbO2)电极.利用SEM和XRD分析了电极的表面形貌和晶体结构,结果表明,稀土La、Ce掺杂后改变了电极表面的微观结构和晶面取向,使电极表面变得更加致密、均匀;用LS和CV测试了电极的电化学性能,分析表明,稀土La、Ce的掺杂提高了电极的析氧过电位和峰电流密度,改善了电极的催化性能.用所制备的不同掺杂量下的改性电极降解亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水(methylene blue,MB),结果表明,当La、Ce掺杂量分别为8.0g.L-1和5.0 g.L-1时,电极对MB及其COD的去除率达到最佳,分别为83.85%、79.95%和79.18%、76.21%,显示了良好的去除效果和催化性能,并在此基础上进一步分析了MB可能的降解路径和机制.     

镧-铅复合污染下AM真菌对玉米生长和镧、铅吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,模拟不同程度的镧-铅复合污染土壤(50、200、800 mg·kg~(-1)),研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)、真菌Claroideoglomus etunicatum(CE)和Rhizophagus intraradices(RI)对玉米(Zea mays L.)菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比、稀土镧(La)和重金属铅(Pb)吸收、转运的影响,旨在为稀土-重金属复合污染土壤的治理和修复提供科学依据.结果表明,AM真菌CE和RI均与玉米建立了共生关系,平均菌根侵染率为26.7%~95.8%;随着La-Pb复合污染含量的增加,玉米植株菌根侵染率、地上部和根部生物量以及N、P、K、Ca、Mg这5种矿质营养元素含量显著降低,而玉米植株C∶P和N∶P以及地上部和根部La、Pb含量显著增加.接种2种AM真菌使玉米植株生物量显著提高了17.8%~158.9%,地上部和根部P含量显著提高了24.5%~153.8%,降低了C∶P和N∶P,符合生长速率假设.在3种程度La-Pb复合污染含量土壤上,AM真菌使玉米植株根部Pb含量显著增加了51.3%~67.7%,地上部Pb含量显著降低了16.0%~67.7%,Pb从玉米根部向地上部的转运率降低了31.5%~54.7%;同时,接种AM真菌显著增加了轻度LaPb复合污染土壤上玉米植株的La含量,在中度La-Pb复合污染土壤上却显著减少了玉米地上部的La含量,增加了玉米根部的La含量,抑制了La从根部向地上部的转运,重度La-Pb复合污染土壤上均没有显著影响.试验结果初步证明,AM真菌具有促进稀土-重金属复合污染土壤植物修复的潜力,对于稀土-重金属复合污染土壤生态系统的植被恢复具有潜在应用价值.     

镧、铈对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷的Hormesis效应及其动力学研究

间歇培养条件下研究了单一稀土元素镧(La3 )和铈(Ce3 )在不同浓度水平下对厌氧颗粒污泥活性及其动力学行为的影响.结果表明,La3 和Ce3 对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性有促进作用的浓度范围均为0.01～0.1 mg·L-1,促进作用浓度峰值均为0.05mg·L-1,最大促进百分比分别为10.35%和20.79%;La3 和Ce3 对SMA(比甲烷活性)的半抑制浓度分别为5mg·L-1和1000mg·L-1,La3 较易对污泥产生抑制作用.米-门方程可以用来描述厌氧消化过程中甲烷发酵阶段的动力学行为,稀土元素La3 和Ce3 投加至反应系统后,提高了甲烷发酵过程的动力学常数Vmax和半饱和常数Ks.     

镧掺杂纳米材料合成及其高氟选择性吸附特性

采用共沉淀法制备了镧渗杂的纳米镁铝层状双氢氧化物材料(LDHs),获得了一类对氟具有选择性的新型吸附材料.实验表征了LDH、其焙烧产物(LDOs)以及吸附氟后的材料(F-LDHs)的微观形态、体相组成等性质的变化,通过批处理试验和吸附柱试验对其工艺特性及影响因素进行了深入分析.实验结果表明,材料经600℃焙烧10min,在含200mg·l~(-1)SO_4~(2-),氟浓度为10mg·l~(-1)的配水中投加0.1g LDOs吸附240min,最高除氟率可达93.53%;在含200mg·l~(-1)SO_4~(2-)的氟溶液中,镁铝铜LDOs吸附氟的容量高于镁铝LDOs;吸附柱实验中,14h时出水氟含量小于国家标准(1 mg·l~(-1));共存阴离子对材料的除氟干扰强度排序为:Co_3~(2-)>PO_4~(3-)>NO_3~->Cl~-.材料吸附氟后可用0.5mg·l~(-1)的Na_2CO_3洗脱,并经600℃焙烧10min再生,再生4次后选择性除氟效果稳定.     

Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of porous La–N–co-doped TiO2 nanotubes for gaseous chlorobenzene oxidation

The photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous chlorobenzene(CB) by the 365 nm-induced photocatalyst La/N–Ti O2, synthesized via a sol–gel and hydrothermal method, was evaluated. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to model and optimize the conditions for synthesis of the photocatalyst. The optimal photocatalyst was 1.2La/0.5N–Ti O2(0.5) and the effects of La/N on crystalline structure, particle morphology, surface element content, and other structural characteristics were investigated by XRD(X-ray diffraction), TEM(Transmission Electron Microscopy), FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV–vis(Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller). Greater surface area and smaller particle size were produced with the co-doped Ti O2 nanotubes than with reference Ti O2. The removal of CB was effective when performed using the synthesized photocatalyst,though it was less efficient at higher initial CB concentrations. Various modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models involving the adsorption of chlorobenzene and water on different active sites were evaluated. Fitting results suggested that competitive adsorption caused by water molecules could not be neglected, especially for environments with high relative humidity. The reaction intermediates found after GC–MS(Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis indicated that most were soluble, low-toxicity, or both. The results demonstrated that the prepared photocatalyst had high activity for VOC(volatile organic compounds) conversion and may be used as a pretreatment prior to biopurification.     

ENSO与云南蒋家沟泥石流灾害发生的关系

通过分析近40年来出现的ENSO事件对云南东川蒋家沟泥石流活动的影响可知,El Ni(~n)o与LaNi(~n)a对其的影响正好相反,且El Ni(~n)o的影响大于La Ni(~n)a的影响.El Ni(~n)o年,泥石流年发生频次、径流量和输沙量偏少的概率均较大,泥石流活动减弱的倾向明显;La Ni(~n)a年,虽有一定的对应关系,但不如El Ni(~n)o年明显,且影响更复杂一些,总的来说,泥石流年发生频次、径流量和输沙量偏多或持平的概率较大.     

镧(La)-甘氨酸(Gly)稀土配合物对酸雨伤害植物的影响

用３０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ＬａＧｌｙ 处理鸡爪槭１ 次,可减轻ｐＨ３．５ 酸雨对鸡爪槭造成的伤害．实验结果显示,此与ＬａＧｌｙ 提高鸡爪槭叶片光合速率,叶绿素含量,减少丙二醛含量,降低细胞质膜透性,维持细胞汁ｐＨ 值稳定性与过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶及脱氢酶活性等多重生态生理效应相关．     

镧掺杂TiO2/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性研究

以工业二氧化钛(TiO_2)、硝酸镧(LaN_3O_9·5H_2O)、三聚氰胺(C_3H_6N_6)为原料制备了La掺杂TiO_2/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)等表征方法对光催化剂结构进行分析,表明复合样品中La以La~(3+)形式存在于TiO_2晶体中,并形成TiO_2/g-C_3N_4异质结构,其禁带宽度减小、吸收带边红移,光催化效率有明显提高.以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物评价其光催化活性,镧掺杂量为4%(质量分数)、煅烧温度为520℃、煅烧时间为2 h时,复合样品光催化活性最佳,在12 LED灯下,180 min后对10 mg·L~(-1)亚甲基蓝溶液的去除率达97%.