关于生态补偿机制基本法律问题研究--以三江源国家级自然保护区生物多样性保护为例

本文以现代生态法文化观念为理论导引,在对传统生态法理论进行检视和对三江源区的生物多样性保护与生态裣机制进行尝试考评的基础上,以理论分析与实证调研相结合的方法,提出了具有建设性和可行性的法律对策。     

云南个旧多金属矿区农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染现状——以乍甸镇为例

对云南个旧市乍甸镇农田土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了野外调查及评价。结果表明:农田土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As质量比均超出GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,Hg未检出,该地区农田呈现以As、Cd为主多种重金属复合污染。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As土壤有效态质量比与土壤全量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。农作物中Cu、As质量比与土壤有效态Cu、As质量比无显著相关,Zn质量比与土壤有效态Zn呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),Cd、Pb质量比与土壤有效态Cd、Pb呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。89%的农作物As超标,油菜籽(Brassica napusL.)As质量比最高,均值达(23.04±14.33)mg/kg(鲜重,下同)。Pb超标率达72%,油菜籽Pb质量比最高,平均为(5.55±2.53)mg/kg。Zn、Cd超标率均为11.11%,超标最严重的油菜籽Zn质量比为(46.65±13.61)mg/kg,Cd质量比为(0.24±0.10)mg/kg。Cu超标率为5.55%,油菜籽Cu质量比最高,达(16.02±2.75)mg/kg。油菜籽对As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的转移系数(农作物可食部分重金属质量比(鲜重)与土壤重金属质量比的比值)远高于其他作物。农作物对Pb、Zn、Cd、As的转移顺序依次为果实类、叶菜类、根茎类,对Cu的转移顺序为果实类、根茎类、叶菜类。农作物以As、Pb污染为主,总体属重度污染。聚类分析得出:油菜籽、青蒜(Allium ampeloprasumL.)和生菜(Lactuca sativaL.var.ramosaHort.)重金属污染严重,不适合在该地区继续种植和食用。     

Three lessons for gender equity in biodiversity conservation

Amid a growing global agenda, biodiversity conservation has embraced gender equity as a pillar of equitable and effective practice. Gender equity has become enshrined in the global environment and development agenda through global commitments, policy and funding. However, for various reasons, conservation biodiversity often takes a simplistic view of gender as synonymous with women or as a dualism between women and men. This narrow view risks promoting inequitable processes and ineffective outcomes. Deeper engagement with feminist theory, and feminist political ecology in particular, could help advance biodiversity conservation's approach to how gender is understood, framed and integrated. Engaging with lessons from feminist political ecology can help advance gender equity in conservation through attention to power dynamics, intersectionality, and subjectivity.     

Progress in the ecology and conservation of giant pandas

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) conservation is a possible success story in the making. If extinction of this iconic endangered species can be avoided, the species will become a showcase program for the Chinese government and its collaborators. We reviewed the major advancements in ecological science for the giant panda, examining how these advancements have contributed to panda conservation. Pandas’ morphological and behavioral adaptations to a diet of bamboo, which bear strong influence on movement ecology, have been well studied, providing knowledge to guide management actions ranging from reserve design to climate change mitigation. Foraging ecology has also provided essential information used in the creation of landscape models of panda habitat. Because habitat loss and fragmentation are major drivers of the panda population decline, efforts have been made to help identify core habitat areas, establish where habitat corridors are needed, and prioritize areas for protection and restoration. Thus, habitat models have provided guidance for the Chinese governments’ creation of 67 protected areas. Behavioral research has revealed a complex and efficient communication system and documented the need for protection of habitat that serves as a communication platform for bringing the sexes together for mating. Further research shows that den sites in old‐growth forests may be a limiting resource, indicating potential value in providing alternative den sites for rearing offspring. Advancements in molecular ecology have been revolutionary and have been applied to population census, determining population structure and genetic diversity, evaluating connectivity following habitat fragmentation, and understanding dispersal patterns. These advancements form a foundation for increasing the application of adaptive management approaches to move panda conservation forward more rapidly. Although the Chinese government has made great progress in setting aside protected areas, future emphasis will be improved management of pandas and their habitat.     

东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu生物学研究进展

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)是中国沿海频繁发生的大规模赤潮的原因种之一。文章对东海原甲藻的命名、生理生态和分子生物学等方面的研究成果作了综述。东海原甲藻与在日本、韩国等亚洲海域分布的被报道为Prorocentrum dentatum的原甲藻以及来自美国CCMP的具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)为同一种。东海原甲藻是一种喜长光照的赤潮藻类,其生长的最适温度为22℃,最适盐度为25~31。东海原甲藻能利用铵盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,最适生长的w(N)/w(P)比范围在8~20之间。作者构建了东海原甲藻cDNA文库并进行了EST分析,发现了22个与东海原甲藻生长发育、物质转换和能量代谢相关的基因标签。认为从基因表达及调控角度研究赤潮形成与消亡机制并阐明它与环境因子的关系是必要的。     

河西走廊中部荒漠植被的生态学研究

根据对河西走廊中部荒漠植被的调查，对荒漠植被进行了分类及生态学描述，重点讨论了荒漠植被对改善河西走廊中部农村生态环境的作用，提出了保护和利用荒漠植被的措施及改善生态环境的途径。     

青藏高原东部几种自然土壤放线菌的生态分布

采用常规方法研究了青藏高原东部几种自然土壤中放线菌区系及与土壤养分的关系.结果表明①供试土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾及速效磷含量变异很大,其变异系数分别为71.9%,60.8 %,65.8%,53.5 %及130.6%.pH差异很小,平均值为8.16,变异系数为6.5 %.②供试土壤放线菌数量n(cfu)=(8.2～1 472.7)×104 g-1.放线菌组成以链霉菌为主,其次为小单孢菌,二者分别占土壤放线菌总数的41.7%～90.9%及 0～53.6%,其平均值和变异系数分别为82.2%和18.0%及10.3%和154. 2 %.沼泽土中小单孢菌占放线菌总数的53.6%,盐化土中无小单孢菌.高山草甸土、森林棕褐土、黑钙土及灰钙土中分别出现链孢囊菌属与马杜拉菌属、间孢囊菌属、诺卡氏菌属及链孢囊菌属.③在链霉菌属中,可划分10个类群,其中白孢类群、灰褐类群、金色类群、粉红孢类群为优势类群,分别占链霉菌总数的23.3 %～57.0%, 2.7%～32.8 %,5.8%～63.7 及2.3% ～24.6%,其次为淡紫灰类群和灰红紫类群,6个类群共占链霉菌总数的70.3%～100%.盐化土和黑钙土分别为链霉菌数量与类群最少和最多的土壤生态体系.④供试土壤按植被、土壤形成条件及土壤性质分为高山草甸土、森林棕褐土、黑钙土、灰钙土、栗钙土、盐化土、风沙土及沼泽土8种生态类型、盐化土、风沙土和沼泽土3种生态型中放线菌的生物多样性较其余5种生态型差. 表5 参16     

对乡村聚落生态研究中若干基本概念的认识

探讨了“乡村聚落”和“乡村聚落生态系统”等基本概念以及乡村聚落生态研究的主要内容 ,包括乡村聚落生态评价和生态区划、对特殊聚落的研究、乡村聚落的选址以及乡村聚落生态与生态村建设 ,以期推动乡村聚落生态研究的发展。     

A model of rainfall redistribution in terraced sandy grassland landscapes

A simple model of rainfall redistribution within a terraced sandy grassland landscape has been developed. The model assumes that rainfall redistribution is driven by rainfall impulses and is controlled by characteristic field capacity of soils. When the rainfall intensity is large enough to render soil water content greater than its characteristic field capacity, the excessive soil water can drain very quickly by means of large amounts of non-capillary pores of sandy soils or by means of surface runoff. Exponential distribution of rainfall impulses was assumed and tested with measured daily rainfall at two meteorological stations in the sandy grassland area of north China. The model was solved to give the equivalent rainfall at each terrace in the landscape.     

The Botanist Effect Revisited: Plant Species Richness, County Area, and Human Population Size in the United States

Abstract:  The "botanist effect" is thought to be the reason for higher plant species richness in areas where botanists are disproportionately present as an artefactual consequence of a more thorough sampling. We examined whether this was the case for U.S. counties. We collated the number of species of vascular plants, human population size, and the area of U.S. counties. Controlling for spatial autocorrelation and county area, plant species richness increased with human population size and density in counties with and without universities and/or botanical gardens, with no significant differences in the relation between the two subsets. This is consistent with previous findings and further evidence of a broad-scale positive correlation between species richness and human population presence, which has important consequences for the experience of nature by inhabitants of densely populated regions. Combined with the many reports of a negative correlation between the two variables at a local scale, the positive relation between plant species richness in U.S. counties and human population presence stresses the need for the conservation of seminatural areas in urbanized ecosystems and for the containment of urban and suburban sprawl.